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Zozo B, Govender N, Moodley J, Naicker T. Expression of plasma nuclear factor-kappa B cells (NF-κB) and Inhibitory subunit kappa B alpha (IκB-α) in HIV-associated pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2021; 40:15-20. [PMID: 33397161 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2020.1854299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:To investigate the expression of plasma NF-κB and the inhibitory subunit IκB-α in HIV-associated pre-eclampsia. Method: This retrospective study examined plasma NF-κB and IκB-α expression expressed as Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) in normotensive (n = 32) and pre-eclamptic (n = 34) pregnant women stratified by HIV status. Results: A significant decrease in the level of plasma NF-κB expression between pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women was observed, irrespective of HIV status (MFI = 82.8 vs 134.3; p = 0.03). Similarly, a significant decline in the level of plasma IκB-α expression was noted in the pre-eclamptic compared to normotensive pregnant women, irrespective of HIV status (MFI = 91.2 vs 120.1; p = 0.04). Plasma NF-κB (p = 0.7) and IκB-α (p = 0.8) expression was similar between HIV positive and HIV negative pregnant women, irrespective of pregnancy type. Conclusion: This study demonstrates decreased plasma NF-κB and IκB-α expression in preeclampsia compared to normotensive pregnant women irrespective of HIV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambanani Zozo
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nalini Govender
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology , Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Abu-Raya B, Smolen KK, Willems F, Kollmann TR, Marchant A. Transfer of Maternal Antimicrobial Immunity to HIV-Exposed Uninfected Newborns. Front Immunol 2016; 7:338. [PMID: 27630640 PMCID: PMC5005931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of maternal immune factors to the newborn is critical for protection from infectious disease in early life. Maternally acquired passive immunity provides protection until the infant is beyond early life's increased susceptibility to severe infections or until active immunity is achieved following infant's primary immunization. However, as reviewed here, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection alters the transfer of immune factors from HIV-infected mothers to the HIV-exposed newborns and young infants. This may relate to the immune activation in HIV-infected pregnant women, associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines at the maternofetal interface associated with inflammatory responses in the newborn. We also summarize mother-targeting interventions to improve the health of infants born to HIV-infected women, such as immunization during pregnancy and reduction of maternal inflammation. Maternal immunization offers the potential to compensate for the decreased transplacentally transferred maternal antibodies observed in HIV-exposed infants. Current data suggest reduced immunogenicity of vaccines in HIV-infected pregnant women, possibly reducing the protective impact of maternal immunization for HIV-exposed infants. Fortunately, levels of antibodies appear preserved in the breast milk of HIV-infected women, which supports the recommendation to breast-feed during antiretroviral treatment to protect HIV-exposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kinga K Smolen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Fabienne Willems
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
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Singh P, Agnihotri SK, Tewari MC, Kumar S, Sachdev M, Tripathi RK. HIV-1 Nef breaches placental barrier in rat model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51518. [PMID: 23240037 PMCID: PMC3519864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertical transmission of HIV-1 from the mother to fetus is known, but the molecular mechanism regulating this transmission is not fully characterized. The fetus is highly protected by the placenta, which does not permit microbial pathogens to cross the placental barrier. In the present study, a rat model was established to observe the effect of HIV-1 protein Nef on placental barrier. Evans blue dye was used to assay permeability of placental barrier and fourteen day pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were injected intravenously with 2% Evans blue dye along with various concentrations of recombinant Nef. After an hour, animals were sacrificed and dye migration was observed through the assimilation of peripheral blood into fetus. Interestingly, traces of recombinant Nef protein were detected in the embryo as well as amniotic fluid and amniotic membrane along with placenta and uterus. Our study indicates that recombinant HIV-1-Nef protein breaches the placental barrier and allows the migration of Evans blue dye to the growing fetus. Further the concentration of Nef protein in blood is directly proportional to the intensity of dye migration and to the amount of Nef protein detected in uterus, placenta, amniotic membrane, amniotic fluid and embryo. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the HIV-1 Nef protein has a direct effect on breaching of the placental barrier in the model we have established in this study. Our observations will be helpful to understand the molecular mechanisms related to this breach of placental barrier by Nef in humans and may be helpful to identify specific Nef inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Toxicology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Agnihotri
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Chandra Tewari
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sadan Kumar
- Toxicology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Sachdev
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail: (MS); (RK)
| | - Raj Kamal Tripathi
- Toxicology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail: (MS); (RK)
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Kunz A, von Wurmb-Schwark N, Sewangi J, Ziske J, Lau I, Mbezi P, Theuring S, Hauser A, Dugange F, Katerna A, Harms G. Zidovudine exposure in HIV-1 infected Tanzanian women increases mitochondrial DNA levels in placenta and umbilical cords. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41637. [PMID: 22848552 PMCID: PMC3407225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zidovudine (AZT) constitutes part of the recommended regimens for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. At the same time, AZT as well as HIV-1 infection itself may induce mitochondrial damage. In this study, we analyzed the impact of prenatal AZT-exposure on mitochondrial alterations in HIV-infected women and their infants. METHODS Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in placentas of HIV-1 infected Tanzanian women with and without prenatal AZT exposure, and in the umbilical cords of their AZT-exposed/unexposed infants were quantified using real-time PCR. Furthermore, we checked for the most common mitochondrial deletion in humans, the 4977 base pair deletion (dmtDNA4977) as a marker for mitochondrial stress. RESULTS 83 women fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 30 women had been treated with AZT (median duration 56 days; IQR 43-70 days) while 53 women had not taken AZT during pregnancy. Baseline maternal characteristics in the two groups were similar. The median mtDNA levels in placentas and umbilical cords of women (311 copies/cell) and infants (190 copies/cell) exposed to AZT were significantly higher than in AZT-unexposed women (187 copies/cell; p = 0.021) and infants (127 copies/cell; p = 0.037). The dmtDNA4977 was found in placentas of one woman of each group and in 3 umbilical cords of AZT-unexposed infants but not in umbilical cords of AZT-exposed infants. CONCLUSIONS Antenatal AZT intake did not increase the risk for the common mitochondrial deletion dmtDNA4977. Our data suggests that AZT exposure elevates mtDNA levels in placentas and umbilical cords possibly by positively influencing the course of maternal HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kunz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julius Sewangi
- Regional AIDS Control Program Mbeya Region, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Judith Ziske
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Lau
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulina Mbezi
- PMTCT Program Mbeya Region, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Stefanie Theuring
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Festo Dugange
- Kyela District Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kyela District, Tanzania
| | - Angela Katerna
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gundel Harms
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Goldwater PN, Bhatia V, Cooper C. Maternal HIV seroconversion at delivery without transmission. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46:780-3. [PMID: 20163524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A case of HIV seroconversion associated with high viral load occurring at or near delivery is described. The management of the case in terms of prevention of mother-to-child-transmission is described and discussed in terms of the published literature and guidelines. From this instructive case a constructive strategy for delivery and immediate post-natal care is derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Goldwater
- SA Pathology at the Women's Children's Hospital, University of Adelaide School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia.
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IL-10-secreting T cells from HIV-infected pregnant women downregulate HIV-1 replication: effect enhanced by antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 2009; 23:9-18. [PMID: 19050381 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328317461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pregnancy-related immune events on the HIV-1 replication and to analyze their relationship with the risk of vertical transmission. METHODS The peripheral blood from HIV-1-infected pregnant women who controlled (G1) or not controlled (G2) their plasma viral load was drawn, and the plasma and the T cells were obtained. The T-cell cultures were activated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, and the proliferation and cytokine production profile were evaluated after 3 days of incubation. The in-vitro HIV-1 replication was measured in culture supernatants in the seventh day following stimulation. The cytokines were also analyzed in the plasma. RESULTS Our results demonstrated a lower T-cell proliferation and a lower interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma production in polyclonally activated T-cell cultures from G1 patients, when compared with G2. Furthermore, high levels of interleukin-10 were produced both systemically and by activated T-cell cultures from G1 patients. Interestingly, the neutralization of endogenous interleukin-10 by anti-interleukin-10 monoclonal antibody elevated both the inflammatory cytokines' release and the HIV-1 replication in the polyclonally activated T-cell cultures from G1 patients. Additionally, the maternal antiretroviral treatment significantly enhanced the systemic interleukin-10 production. Finally, the higher systemic interleukin-10 levels were inversely correlated with vertical virus transmission risk. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a high tendency of pregnant women to produce interleukin-10 can help them control the HIV-1 replication, and this can reduce the risk of vertical transmission. Furthermore, our data suggest a role for maternal antiretroviral treatment in enhancing this phenomenon.
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Dolcini GL, Solana ME, Andreani G, Celentano AM, Parodi LM, Donato AM, Elissondo N, González Cappa SM, Giavedoni LD, Martínez Peralta L. Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease agent) reduces HIV-1 replication in human placenta. Retrovirology 2008; 5:53. [PMID: 18593480 PMCID: PMC2464605 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several factors determine the risk of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), such as coinfections in placentas from HIV-1 positive mothers with other pathogens. Chagas' disease is one of the most endemic zoonoses in Latin America, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The purpose of the study was to determine whether T. cruzi modifies HIV infection of the placenta at the tissue or cellular level. Results Simple and double infections were carried out on a placental histoculture system (chorionic villi isolated from term placentas from HIV and Chagas negative mothers) and on the choriocarcinoma BeWo cell line. Trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (VD lethal strain), either purified from mouse blood or from Vero cell cultures, 24 h-supernatants of blood and cellular trypomastigotes, and the VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 reporter virus were used for the coinfections. Viral transduction was evaluated by quantification of luciferase activity. Coinfection with whole trypomastigotes, either from mouse blood or from cell cultures, decreased viral pseudotype luciferase activity in placental histocultures. Similar results were obtained from BeWo cells. Supernatants of stimulated histocultures were used for the simultaneous determination of 29 cytokines and chemokines with the Luminex technology. In histocultures infected with trypomastigotes, as well as in coinfected tissues, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MCP-1 production was significantly lower than in controls or HIV-1 transducted tissue. A similar decrease was observed in histocultures treated with 24 h-supernatants of blood trypomastigotes, but not in coinfected tissues. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the presence of an intracellular pathogen, such as T. cruzi, is able to impair HIV-1 transduction in an in vitro system of human placental histoculture. Direct effects of the parasite on cellular structures as well as on cellular/viral proteins essential for HIV-1 replication might influence viral transduction in this model. Nonetheless, additional mechanisms including modulation of cytokines/chemokines at placental level could not be excluded in the inhibition observed. Further experiments need to be conducted in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon. Therefore, coinfection with T. cruzi may have a deleterious effect on HIV-1 transduction and thus could play an important role in viral outcome at the placental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hygino J, Lima PG, Filho RGS, Silva AAL, Saramago CSM, Andrade RM, Andrade DM, Andrade AFB, Brindeiro R, Tanuri A, Bento CAM. Altered immunological reactivity in HIV-1-exposed uninfected neonates. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:340-7. [PMID: 18356112 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate immune events in HIV-1-exposed uninfected neonates born from mothers who control (G1) or not (G2) the plasma viral load, using unexposed neonates as controls. Cord blood from each neonate was collected, plasma and mononuclear cells were separated and the lymphoproliferation and cytokine pattern were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the in vitro lymphoproliferation induced by polyclonal activators was higher in the G2 neonates. Nevertheless, no cell culture responded to poll synthetic HIV-1 envelope peptides. The cytokine dosage in the plasma and supernatants of polyclonally-activated cultures demonstrated that, while IL-4 and IL-10 were the dominant cytokines produced in G1 and control groups, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in G2 neonates. Systemic levels of IL-10 observed among the G1 neonates were higher in those born from anti-retroviral treated mothers. In summary, our results indicate an altered immune responsiveness in neonates exposed in utero to HIV and support the role of maternal anti-retroviral treatment to attenuate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Hygino
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Faye A, Pornprasert S, Mary JY, Dolcini G, Derrien M, Barré-Sinoussi F, Chaouat G, Menu E. Characterization of the main placental cytokine profiles from HIV-1-infected pregnant women treated with anti-retroviral drugs in France. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:430-9. [PMID: 17511776 PMCID: PMC2219329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in regulating HIV-1 infection. They are also placental environment major components. We assessed the potential impact of HIV-1 infection and/or anti-retroviral drugs on the placental cytokine profiles that may be involved in controlling HIV-1 placental dissemination. Placental explants were obtained after elective caesarean section from anti-retroviral-treated HIV-1-infected pregnant women and from HIV-1 non-infected pregnant women. The main placental cytokines were assessed for protein secretion in the supernatants of 24-h placental culture explants and/or in uncultured placental explants for mRNA expression levels. The cytokine profiles were different between the HIV-1-infected and the non-infected groups. Higher medians of leukaemia inhibiting factor (LIF), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8 secretion were found in the 24-h culture supernatant of term placenta from HIV-1-infected women. High median levels of IL-16 and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels were found in both groups. The mRNA expression medians were lower for TNF-alpha and IL-8 and higher for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in uncultured placental explants from HIV-1-infected women. In the HIV-1-infected group, but not in the non-infected group, the secretion levels of TNF-alpha and IL-8, as well as their mRNA expression levels, were highly positively correlated; furthermore, their secretion levels were correlated positively with LIF and IL-10 secretion levels. We found no correlation between the cytokine levels and the immunovirological status of the HIV-1-infected mothers or the type or duration of treatment. These results highlight the potential impact of HIV-1 and of the anti-retroviral treatments on the placental cytokines pattern, independently of their anti-viral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faye
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and INSERM U782, Clamart, France
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