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Hosseini A, Ashraf H, Rahimi F, Alipourfard I, Alivirdiloo V, Hashemi B, Yazdani Y, Ghazi F, Eslami M, Ameri Shah Reza M, Dadashpour M. Recent advances in the detection of glioblastoma, from imaging-based methods to proteomics and biosensors: A narrative review. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:98. [PMID: 37210528 PMCID: PMC10199620 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive type of cancer that originates in the cells called astrocytes, which support the functioning of nerve cells. It can develop in either the brain or the spinal cord and is also known as glioblastoma multiform. GBM is a highly aggressive cancer that can occur in either the brain or spinal cord. The detection of GBM in biofluids offers potential advantages over current methods for diagnosing and treatment monitoring of glial tumors. Biofluid-based detection of GBM focuses on identifying tumor-specific biomarkers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. To date, different methods have been used to detect biomarkers of GBM, ranging from various imaging techniques to molecular approaches. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses. The present review aims to scrutinize multiple diagnostic methods for GBM, with a focus on proteomics methods and biosensors. In other words, this study aims to provide an overview of the most significant research findings based on proteomics and biosensors for the diagnosis of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hami Ashraf
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Zahra Mardani Azari Children Training, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vahid Alivirdiloo
- Medical Doctor Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, Iran
| | - Behnam Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yalda Yazdani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhood Ghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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2
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Kang M, Hisey C, Tsai B, Nursalim Y, Blenkiron C, Chamley LW. Placental Extracellular Vesicles Can Be Loaded with Plasmid DNA. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1898-1913. [PMID: 36919912 PMCID: PMC11407900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered considerable interest as potential vehicles for drug delivery, including gene therapy. Although EVs from diverse sources have been investigated, current techniques used in the field for EV generation limit large-scale EV production. The placenta is essentially a tissue transplant and has unique properties that allow it to avoid the maternal immune system making it likely that placental EVs will not generate inflammatory responses and will avoid clearance by the immune system. We propose that placental EVs produced from explant cultures are an efficient method to produce considerable quantities of EVs that would be safe to administer, and we hypothesize that placental EVs can be loaded with large exogenous plasmids. To this end, we trialed three strategies to load plasmid DNA into placental EVs, including loading via electroporation of placental tissue prior to EV isolation and loading directly into placental EVs via electroporation or direct incubation of the EVs in plasmid solution. We report that the placenta releases vast quantities of EVs compared to placental cells in monolayer cultures. We show successful loading of plasmid DNA into both large- and small-EVs following both exogenous loading strategies with more plasmid encapsulated in large-EVs. Importantly, direct incubation did not alter EV size nor quantity. Further, we showed that the loading efficiency into EVs was dependent on the exogenous plasmid DNA dose and the DNA size. These results provide realistic estimates of plasmid loading capacity into placental EVs using current technologies and showcase the potential of placental EVs as DNA delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Colin Hisey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
- Department of biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210 United States
| | - Bridget Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Yohanes Nursalim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center (ACSRC), University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
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Kang M, Blenkiron C, Chamley L. The biodistribution of placental and fetal extracellular vesicles during pregnancy following placentation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:385-399. [PMID: 36920079 PMCID: PMC10017278 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Human pregnancy is a highly orchestrated process requiring extensive cross-talk between the mother and the fetus. Extracellular vesicles released by the fetal tissue, particularly the placenta, are recognized as important mediators of this process. More recently, the importance of placental extracellular vesicle biodistribution studies in animal models has received increasing attention as identifying the organs to which extracellular vesicles are targeted to helps us understand more about this communication system. Placental extracellular vesicles are categorized based on their size into macro-, large-, and small-extracellular vesicles, and their biodistribution is dependent on the extracellular vesicle's particle size, the direction of blood flow, the recirculation of blood, as well as the retention capacity in organs. Macro-extracellular vesicles are exclusively localized to the lungs, while large- and small-extracellular vesicles show high levels of distribution to the lungs and liver, while there is inconsistency in the reporting of distribution to the spleen and kidneys. This inconsistency may be due to the differences in the methodologies employed between studies and their limitations. Future studies should incorporate analysis of placental extracellular vesicle biodistribution at the macroscopic level on whole animals and organs/tissues, as well as the microscopic cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Correspondence: Matt Kang ()
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations (HEVI), University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center (ACSRC), University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations (HEVI), University of Auckland, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Zhang Y, Tang Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Shen Y, Sun X, Kang M, Zhao M, Chen Q. The Autocrine Role of Placental Extracellular Vesicles from Missed Miscarriage in Causing Senescence: Possible Pathogenesis of Missed Miscarriage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233873. [PMID: 36497129 PMCID: PMC9740889 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental dysfunction, including senescent changes, is associated with the pathogenesis of missed miscarriage, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Increasing evidence indicates that placenta-specific miRNAs are packaged in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from placental syncytiotrophoblasts and are released into the maternal circulation. Aberrant cargos including miRNAs in placental EVs have been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of complicated pregnancies. In this study, we compared the miRNA profiles in EVs derived from missed miscarriage and healthy placentae and investigated possible biological pathways which may be involved in senescence, one cause of missed miscarriage. The total concentration of RNA in placental EVs was not different between the two groups. However, there were 54 and 94 differentially expressed miRNAs in placental large and small EVs from missed miscarriage compared to EVs from healthy controls. The aberrantly expressed miRNAs seen in placental EVs were also observed in missed miscarriage placentae. Gene enrichment analysis showed that some of those differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in cellular senescence, endocytosis, cell cycle and endocrine resistance. Furthermore, transfection of trophoblasts by a single senescence-associated miRNA that was differentially expressed in placental EVs derived from missed miscarriage did not cause trophoblast dysfunction. In contrast, EVs derived from missed miscarriage placenta induced senescent changes in the healthy placenta. Our data suggested that a complex of placental EVs, rather than a few differentially expressed miRNAs in placental EVs derived from missed miscarriage placentae could contribute in an autocrine manner to placental senescence, one of the causes of missed miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1141, New Zealand
| | - Yunhui Tang
- Department of Family Planning, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1141, New Zealand
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Family Planning, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1141, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1141, New Zealand
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Gynaecological Cancer, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1141, New Zealand
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First trimester placental extracellular vesicles likely contribute to the vasodilation of maternal resistance arteries in normal pregnancy. Placenta 2022; 129:84-86. [PMID: 36270043 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the first trimester of pregnancy, there is a large decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) which coincides temporally with increasing extrusion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the placenta. We hypothesized that placental EVs may be one of the mechanisms contributing to maternal vasodilation. Macro-, micro-, nano-EVs from human first trimester placenta, or control injections containing EVs derived from fresh culture media, were injected into pregnant mice at day 12.5. After 30 min or 24 h, second order resistance arteries assessed for their reactivity to various vasomodulators. Placental EVs induced an anti-constrictive, pro-vasodilatory effect in maternal resistance arteries compared to control injections after 24 h suggesting that placental EVs may contribute to the maternal vasodilation during pregnancy.
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Feng Y, Chen Q, Lau SY, Tsai BW, Groom K, Barrett CJ, Chamley LW. The Blocking of Integrin-Mediated Interactions with Maternal Endothelial Cells Reversed the Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Induced by EVs, Derived from Preeclamptic Placentae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13115. [PMID: 36361901 PMCID: PMC9657319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental extracellular vesicles (EVs) have increasingly been recognized as a major mediator of feto-maternal communication. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the uptake of placental EVs by recipient cells are still not well-understood. We previously reported that placental EVs target a limited number of organs in vivo. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the uptake of placental EVs into target cells. Placental EVs were derived from explant cultures of normal or preeclamptic placentae. The mechanisms underlying the uptake of placental EVs were elucidated, using the phagocytosis or endocytosis inhibitor, trypsin-treatment or integrin-blocking peptides. The endothelial cell activation was studied using the monocyte adhesion assay after the preeclamptic EVs exposure, with and/or without treatment with the integrin blocking peptide, YIGSR. The cellular mechanism of the uptake of the placental EVs was time, concentration and energy-dependent and both the phagocytosis and endocytosis were involved in this process. Additionally, proteins on the surface of the placental EVs, including integrins, were involved in the EV uptake process. Furthermore, inhibiting the uptake of preeclamptic EVs with YIGSR, reduced the endothelial cell activation. The interaction between the placental EVs and the recipient cells is mediated by integrins, and the cellular uptake is mediated by a combination of both phagocytosis and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yourong Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sien Yee Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Bridget W. Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Katie Groom
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J. Barrett
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W. Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations (HEVI), University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Bergamelli M, Martin H, Aubert Y, Mansuy JM, Marcellin M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Hurbain I, Raposo G, Izopet J, Fournier T, Benchoua A, Bénard M, Groussolles M, Cartron G, Tanguy Le Gac Y, Moinard N, D’Angelo G, Malnou CE. Human Cytomegalovirus Modifies Placental Small Extracellular Vesicle Composition to Enhance Infection of Fetal Neural Cells In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092030. [PMID: 36146834 PMCID: PMC9501265 DOI: 10.3390/v14092030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although placental small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are extensively studied in the context of pregnancy, little is known about their role during viral congenital infection, especially at the beginning of pregnancy. In this study, we examined the consequences of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection on sEVs production, composition, and function using an immortalized human cytotrophoblast cell line derived from first trimester placenta. By combining complementary approaches of biochemistry, electron microscopy, and quantitative proteomic analysis, we showed that hCMV infection increases the yield of sEVs produced by cytotrophoblasts and modifies their protein content towards a potential proviral phenotype. We further demonstrate that sEVs secreted by hCMV-infected cytotrophoblasts potentiate infection in naive recipient cells of fetal origin, including human neural stem cells. Importantly, these functional consequences are also observed with sEVs prepared from an ex vivo model of infected histocultures from early placenta. Based on these findings, we propose that placental sEVs could be important actors favoring viral dissemination to the fetal brain during hCMV congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bergamelli
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Aubert
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mansuy
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Plateforme d’imagerie cellulaire et tissulaire (PICT-IBiSA), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Plateforme d’imagerie cellulaire et tissulaire (PICT-IBiSA), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Alexandra Benchoua
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM- Téléthon, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Mélinda Bénard
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Service de Néonatalogie, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Groussolles
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Diagnostic Prénatal, Toulouse, France
- Equipe SPHERE Epidémiologie et Analyses en Santé Publique: Risques, Maladies chroniques et handicaps, Université de Toulouse, INSERM UMR1027, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Cartron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Tanguy Le Gac
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Moinard
- Développement Embryonnaire, Fertilité, Environnement (DEFE), INSERM UMR 1203, Université de Toulouse et Université de Montpellier, France
- CECOS, Service médecine de la reproduction, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gisela D’Angelo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, Structure et Compartiments Membranaires, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Cécile E. Malnou
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
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Exporting Proteins Associated with Senescence Repair via Extracellular Vesicles May Be Associated with Early Pregnancy Loss. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182772. [PMID: 36139348 PMCID: PMC9496689 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dysfunction of placental development is involved in early pregnancy loss. Senescent changes have been seen in missed miscarriage, one type of pregnancy loss. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases. In this study, we investigated the protein profiles in placental EVs derived from missed miscarriage in comparison with healthy pregnancy. We also investigated whether cargos packed into EVs are involved in the dysfunctional development of the placenta seen in missed miscarriage. Methods: Proteomic analysis of placental EVs derived from healthy and missed-miscarriage placentae was performed. Three senescence-repair-associated proteins, replication protein A-70 (RPA-70), proteasome activator subunit-4 (PMSE-4), and protein activated kinase-2, (PAK-2) were examined in placental EVs and placentae, and in placental explants that had been treated with or without GW4869, by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: The total number of proteins associated with placental EVs was not different between the two groups. However, there were 106 and 151 abundantly expressed proteins associated with placental micro- or nano-EVs from missed miscarriage in comparison with EVs from controls. Of these abundant proteins, 59 and 81 proteins in placental micro- or nano-EVs, respectively, are associated with DNA damage/repair and cell death/survival. We further found higher levels of three senescence-repair-associated proteins (RPA-70, PMSE-4, and PAK-2) associated with placental EVs, but lower levels of these proteins in missed-miscarriage placentae. Regarding inhibition of EV formation or release by GW4869, we found that the expression of these three proteins was higher in GW4869-treated placental explants from missed miscarriage. Discussion: Our data may suggest that “inadvertently” sorting of cargos and exporting proteins associated with senescence-repair by placental EVs may be associated with the dysfunction of placental development seen in missed miscarriage.
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The role of glutathione conjugation on the transcellular transport process of PEGylated liposomes across the blood brain barrier. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122152. [PMID: 36055442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the growing evidence of improved drug delivery efficiency to the brain by ligand modification of PEGylated liposomes, the comprehensive knowledge of their transport processes and payload across the BBB is yet to be revealed. Herein, this study sought to understand the glutathione (GSH) ligand effect on transcellular transport mechanisms of liposomes through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by comparing PEGylated liposomes (PEG-L) and GSH PEGylated liposomes (GSH-PEG-L). Endocytosis and exocytosis of liposomes including the role of secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) of brain endothelial cells (BECs) were assessed. Further pharmacokinetics and brain distribution analysis of gemcitabine loaded liposomes were carried in healthy rats to ascertain the in vivo applicability. Our findings suggested that the presence of GSH increased the cellular uptake of liposomes by up to 3-fold in human brain microvascular endothelial cells depending on the dose but not in astrocytes. The cell exposure to liposomes particularly GSH-PEG-L dramatically increased the cell secretion of small and microvesicles with liposomal components, though different liposomes preferred different vesicles for exocytosis. This correlated with GSH-PEG-L transport efficiency of 4% across the in vitro BBB model in 24 h, 1.7-fold higher than that of PEG-L (p < 0.05). In rats, while PEG-L and GSH-PEG-L showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles and prolonged circulation properties, 3.8% of the total injected dose (ID) of gemcitabine was found in the brain of the GSH-PEG-L group at 8 h post-injection, compared with 2.8% ID in the PEG-L group. A brain: blood concentration ratio of 1.27 ± 0.12 indicated that an active transport mechanism to cross the BBB for GSH-PEG-L. Overall, this study revealed that GSH augmented the transcellular transport efficiency of liposomes through BBB to improve targeted brain delivery by enhancing cellular uptake and vesicular exocytosis route of BECs.
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Murrieta-Coxca JM, Fuentes-Zacarias P, Ospina-Prieto S, Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM. Synergies of Extracellular Vesicles and Microchimerism in Promoting Immunotolerance During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837281. [PMID: 35844513 PMCID: PMC9285877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of biological identity has been traditionally a central issue in immunology. The assumption that entities foreign to a specific organism should be rejected by its immune system, while self-entities do not trigger an immune response is challenged by the expanded immunotolerance observed in pregnancy. To explain this "immunological paradox", as it was first called by Sir Peter Medawar, several mechanisms have been described in the last decades. Among them, the intentional transfer and retention of small amounts of cells between a mother and her child have gained back attention. These microchimeric cells contribute to expanding allotolerance in both organisms and enhancing genetic fitness, but they could also provoke aberrant alloimmune activation. Understanding the mechanisms used by microchimeric cells to exert their function in pregnancy has proven to be challenging as per definition they are extremely rare. Profiting from studies in the field of transplantation and cancer research, a synergistic effect of microchimerism and cellular communication based on the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has begun to be unveiled. EVs are already known to play a pivotal role in feto-maternal tolerance by transferring cargo from fetal to maternal immune cells to reshape their function. A further aspect of EVs is their function in antigen presentation either directly or on the surface of recipient cells. Here, we review the current understanding of microchimerism in the feto-maternal tolerance during human pregnancy and the potential role of EVs in mediating the allorecognition and tropism of microchimeric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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11
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Reginald-Opara JN, Svirskis D, Paek S, Tang M, O'Carroll SJ, Dean JM, Chamley LW, Wu Z. The involvement of extracellular vesicles in the transcytosis of nanoliposomes through brain endothelial cells, and the impact of liposomal pH-sensitivity. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100212. [PMID: 35198960 PMCID: PMC8841812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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12
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Tsai BW, Lau S, Paek SY, Wise M, Kando I, Stone P, Chen Q, Chamley LW. Antiphospholipid antibodies do not cause retargeting of placental extracellular vesicles in the maternal body. Placenta 2022; 118:66-69. [PMID: 35042085 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are autoantibodies that cause pregnancy disorders by a poorly defined mechanism that involves the placenta. The human placenta is covered by a single multinucleated cell, the syncytiotrophoblast, which extrudes vast numbers of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the maternal blood. Extracellular vesicles are tiny packages of cellular material used by cells for remote signalling. In normal pregnancy, placental EVs assist maternal adaptations to pregnancy. We have previously shown that aPL alter the cargo of placental EVs, increasing the load of danger signals. These changes in EV cargo may explain how aPL contribute to the increased risk of recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia and stillbirths observed in aPL-affected pregnancies. An additional possibility, that aPL alters the targeting of placental EVs to maternal organs to cause maternal maladaptation to pregnancy was investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget W Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sandy Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Song Yee Paek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wise
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian Kando
- National Women's Health Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Su C, Tang Y, Shen F, Kang M, Groom K, Wise M, Chamley L, Chen Q. Placental extracellular vesicles retain biological activity after short-term storage (14 days) at 4 °C or room temperature. Placenta 2021; 115:115-120. [PMID: 34600275 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the role of placental extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially in pathological pregnancy, the use of freshly isolated EVs is often limited due to the sporadic and unpredictable availability of placental samples. Therefore, it is important to understand and use optimised storage conditions for placental EVs. In this study, we investigated different conditions for the short-term storage of placental micro- and nano-EVs and examined their biological activity. METHODS Placental EVs were collected from first trimester placentae. EVs were suspended in PBS and aliquoted, and then stored for up to 14 days at room temperature, 4 °C or -20 °C. Total protein and DNA levels were measured at various time points. The ability of stored placental EVs to alter endothelial cell activation was quantified by monocyte adhesion assays. RESULTS There was no difference in the concentration of placental micro- or nano-EVs between each time point, when stored at either room temperature or 4 °C. However, there was a significant loss of placental EVs after storage at -20 °C. There was no difference in protein or DNA levels of placental EVs when stored at either room temperature or 4 °C. Biological activity of placental EVs was retained for up to 14 days at either room temperature or 4 °C measured by monocyte adhesion assays. DISCUSSION We have shown that placental micro- and nano-EVs are stable and retain biological activities following storage in PBS or media for 14 days at either room temperature or 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Su
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yunhui Tang
- The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Fanghua Shen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matt Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katie Groom
- Liggins Institution, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Wise
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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14
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Gao J, Tang Y, Sun X, Chen Q, Peng Y, Tsai CJY, Chen Q. Downregulation of Ribosomal Contents and Kinase Activities Is Associated with the Inhibitive Effect on the Growth of Group B Streptococcus Induced by Placental Extracellular Vesicles. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:664. [PMID: 34356519 PMCID: PMC8301483 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like many other cell types, the human placenta produces large amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Increasing evidence has shown that placental EVs contribute to the regulation of maternal immune and vascular systems during pregnancy via the transfer of their cargos. In this study, we investigated the effect of placental EVs on the growth of opportunistic pathogens that commonly colonise the female reproductive tract. METHODS Gram-positive bacterium Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) were treated with placental EVs that were collected from placental explant cultures, and the growth, susceptibility, and resistance to antibiotics of the bacteria were measured. In addition, comparative proteomics analysis was also performed for the GBS with or without exposure to placental EVs. RESULTS When treated with placental micro-EVs or nano-EVs, the GBS growth curve entered the stationary phase earlier, compared to untreated GBS. Treatment with placental EVs also inhibited the growth of GBS on solid medium, compared to untreated GBS. However, these biological activities were not seen in E. coli. This attenuative effect required interaction of placental EVs with GBS but not phagocytosis. In addition, the susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics of GBS or E. coli was not directly affected by treatment with placental EVs. The proteomic and Western blotting analysis of GBS that had been treated with placental EVs suggested that the downregulation of cellular components and proteins associated with phosphorylation and cell energy in GBS may contribute to these attenuative effects. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the attenuative effect of the growth of GBS treated with placental EVs. Downregulation of cellular components and proteins associated with phosphorylation and cell energy may contribute to the physiological changes in GBS treated with placental EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China; (J.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yunhui Tang
- Department of Family Planning, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (X.S.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qiujing Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijing Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200081, China;
| | - Yiqian Peng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Hospital of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200081, China; (J.G.); (Y.P.)
| | - Catherine Jia-Yun Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (X.S.); (Q.C.)
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15
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Screening and identification of microRNAs from plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Dazu black goat (Capra hircus) in early pregnant stages. Gene 2021; 790:145706. [PMID: 33979681 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other biological components exist in all kinds of body fluids. EVs, as an intercellular communication carrier, regulate the functions of its target cells by transporting biomacromolecules between cells. In this study, a total of six female Dazu black goats were divided into NP group (NP, non-pregnant group) and P30 (P30, 30-day pregnant group). The goats in NP group (n = 3) were in estrus, but failed to fertilize; the other goats in P30 group (n = 3) were fertilized by natural mating. Firstly, goats plasma-derived EVs were isolated using ultracentrifugation. Secondly, EVs were identified by transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and by testing its markers (CD9 and CD63) using west blotting in NP and P30 groups, respectively. Thirdly, EVs related miRNAs were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics method. Data shows that miR-31-5p, miR-137-3p, novel_miR_1355, novel_miR_734 and novel_miR_736 exclusively were expressed in P30 group. Their target genes were significantly enriched in the axon guidance, the Notch signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, tight junction and the Hippo signaling pathway. And miRNA-mRNA interactive network analysis reveals potential regulatory functions of miRNAs for goat during early pregnancy. These findings provided theretical references for studying the regulation of plasma-derived EVs between the fetal and placental development, and these candidate miRNAs identified might be as markers for diagnosis of goat early pregnancy.
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16
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Favaro RR, Murrieta-Coxca JM, Gutiérrez-Samudio RN, Morales-Prieto DM, Markert UR. Immunomodulatory properties of extracellular vesicles in the dialogue between placental and immune cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13383. [PMID: 33251688 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication has been implicated in the cooperative alliance between trophoblast and immune cells toward maternal tolerance and placentation. Syncytiotrophoblast cells secrete EVs directly into the maternal circulation, which are taken up by immune cells, endothelial cells, and other cell types. Initial evidence also shows that EVs produced by immune cells are, in turn, incorporated by trophoblast cells and modulate placental responses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), proteins, and lipid mediators transported in EVs are able to influence proliferation, differentiation, cytokine production, and immunological responses of recipient cells. The molecular alphabet and cellular targets involved in this dialogue are being revealed. Nevertheless, several questions regarding the whole content, surface markers, and biological functions of EVs still remain to be investigated in both physiological and pathological conditions. Analysis of circulating EVs in maternal blood has the potential to serve as a minimally invasive approach to monitoring placental functions and immunological features of pregnancy, aiding in the diagnostics of complications. This review addresses the immunomodulatory properties of EVs and their tasks in the communication between placental and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo R Favaro
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jose Martín Murrieta-Coxca
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,RNA Bioinformatics, High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Sadovsky Y, Ouyang Y, Powell JS, Li H, Mouillet JF, Morelli AE, Sorkin A, Margolis L. Placental small extracellular vesicles: Current questions and investigative opportunities. Placenta 2020; 102:34-38. [PMID: 33218576 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of regulated trafficking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has added a new dimension to our understanding of local and distant communication among cells and tissues. Notwithstanding the expanded landscape of EV subtypes, the majority of research in the field centers on small and large EVs that are commonly termed exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic cell-derived vesicles. In the context of pregnancy, EV-based communication has a special role in the crosstalk among the placenta, maternal and fetal compartments, with most studies focusing on trophoblastic EVs and their effect on other placental cell types, endothelial cells, and distant tissues. Many unanswered questions in the field of EV biology center on the mechanisms of vesicle biogenesis, loading of cargo molecules, EV release and trafficking, the interaction of EVs with target cells and the endocytic pathways underlying their uptake, and the intracellular processing of EVs inside target cells. These questions are directly relevant to EV-based placental-maternal-fetal communication and have unique implications in the context of interaction between two organisms. Despite rapid progress in the field, the number of speculative, unsubstantiated assumptions about placental EVs is concerning. Here we attempt to delineate existing knowledge in the field, focusing primarily on placental small EVs (exosomes). We define central questions that require investigative attention in order to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliana S Powell
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Reproductive Department of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section for Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Placental programming of neuropsychiatric disease. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:157-164. [PMID: 31003234 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is vital for fetal growth, and compromised function is associated with abnormal development, especially of the brain. Linking placental function to brain development is a new field we have dubbed neuroplacentology. Approximately 380,000 infants in the United States each year abruptly lose placental support upon premature birth, and more than 10% of pregnancies are affected by more insidious placental dysfunction such as preeclampsia or infection. Abnormal fetal brain development or injury can lead to life-long neurological impairments, including psychiatric disorders. The majority of research connecting placental compromise to fetal brain injury has focused on gas exchange or nutritional programming, neglecting the placenta's essential neuroendocrine role. We will review the current evidence that placental dysfunction, particularly endocrine dysfunction, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, or barrier breakdown may place many thousands of fetuses at risk for life-long neurodevelopmental impairments each year. Understanding how specific placental factors shape brain development and increase the risk for later psychiatric disorders, including autism, attention deficit disorder, and schizophrenia, paves the way for novel treatment strategies to maintain the normal developmental milieu and protect from further injury.
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