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Wu P, Wang J, Ji X, Chai J, Chen L, Zhang T, Long X, Tu Z, Chen S, Zhang L, Wang K, Zhang L, Guo Z, Wang J. Maternal Hypermethylated Genes Contribute to Intrauterine Growth Retardation of Piglets in Rongchang Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6462. [PMID: 38928167 PMCID: PMC11203632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a crucial determinant of fetal survival, growth, and development. Deficiency in placental development directly causes intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). IUGR can lead to fetal growth restriction and an increase in the mortality rate. The genetic mechanisms underlying IUGR development, however, remain unclear. In the present study, we integrated whole-genome DNA methylation and transcriptomic analyses to determine distinct gene expression patterns in various placental tissues to identify pivotal genes that are implicated with IUGR development. By performing RNA-sequencing analysis, 1487 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 737 upregulated and 750 downregulated genes, were identified in IUGR pigs (H_IUGR) compared with that in normal birth weight pigs (N_IUGR) (p < 0.05); furthermore, 77 miRNAs, 1331 lncRNAs, and 61 circRNAs were differentially expressed. The protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that among these DEGs, the genes GNGT1, ANXA1, and CDC20 related to cellular developmental processes and blood vessel development were the key genes associated with the development of IUGR. A total of 495,870 differentially methylated regions were identified between the N_IUGR and H_IUGR groups, which included 25,053 differentially methylated genes (DMEs); moreover, the overall methylation level was higher in the H_IUGR group than in the N_IUGR group. Combined analysis showed an inverse correlation between methylation levels and gene expression. A total of 1375 genes involved in developmental processes, tissue development, and immune system regulation exhibited methylation differences in gene expression levels in the promoter regions and gene ontology regions. Five genes, namely, ANXA1, ADM, NRP2, SHH, and SMAD1, with high methylation levels were identified as potential contributors to IUGR development. These findings provide valuable insights that DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and mammalian development and that DNA-hypermethylated genes contribute to IUGR development in Rongchang pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxian Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Junge Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Chai
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Li Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Tinghuan Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xi Long
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zhi Tu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siqing Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Ketian Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zongyi Guo
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China (S.C.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Chongqing 401120, China
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Rudy K, Jeon D, Smith AA, Harding JCS, Pasternak JA. PRRSV-2 viral load in critical non-lymphoid tissues is associated with late gestation fetal compromise. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1352315. [PMID: 38389522 PMCID: PMC10883647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1352315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of late gestation PRRSV-2 infection is highly variable within a litter, with a subset of fetuses displaying varying degrees of compromise following infection while others remain viable despite significant systemic viral load. To understand the underlying cause of this variation, we examined the susceptibility, distribution and impact of viral infection within non-lymphoid tissues. Samples of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle were obtained from fetuses of pregnant gilts at gestation day 86, and the presence and distribution of CD163+ cells within each tissue evaluated via immunohistofluorescence. Equivalent samples were collected from phenotypic extremes representing resistant, resilient and susceptible fetuses at 21 days following infection of pregnant gilts with PRRSV-2 at day 86 of gestation. Viral load and its impact in each tissue was evaluated by a combination of qPCR, in vitro viral recovery, and local expression of IFNG and CD163. Resting populations of CD163+ cells were observed in all six non-lymphoid tissues from healthy day 86 fetuses, though the apparent density and the morphology of positive cells varied between tissue. Viral RNA was detected in all six tissues derived from fetuses previously classified as highly infected, and infectious viral particles successfully recovered. Significantly more viral RNA was detected in heart, brain, lung and skeletal muscle of susceptible fetuses, relative to their viable counterparts. Infection was associated with an increase in the expression of CD163 in brain, kidney and lung. In addition, the presence of virus in each tissue coincided with a significant upregulation in the expression of IFNG, but the scale of this response was not associated with fetal susceptibility. Thus, PRRSV-2 is widely distributed across these susceptible non-lymphoid fetal tissues, and fetal outcome is associated with local viral load in critical fetal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rudy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - D Jeon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - A A Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - J C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J A Pasternak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Misan N, Michalak S, Kapska K, Osztynowicz K, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kawka-Paciorkowska K. Does the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Change in Regard to the Onset of Fetal Growth Restriction? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031965. [PMID: 36768287 PMCID: PMC9916066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether early-onset and late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) differentially affects the blood-brain barrier integrity. Furthermore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the blood-brain barrier breakdown and neurological disorders in FGR newborns. To evaluate the serum tight junction (TJ) proteins and the placental TJ proteins expression, an ELISA method was used. A significant difference in serum OCLN concentrations was noticed in pregnancies complicated by the early-onset FGR, in relation to the intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurrence in newborns. No significant differences in concentrations of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NR1), nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NME1), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), occludin (OCLN), claudin-5 (CLN5), zonula occludens-1 (zo-1), the CLN5/zo-1 ratio, and the placental expression of OCLN, CLN5, claudin-4 (CLN4), zo-1 were noticed between groups. The early-onset FGR was associated with a higher release of NME1 into the maternal circulation in relation to the brain-sparing effect and premature delivery. Additionally, in late-onset FGR, the higher release of the S100B into the maternal serum in regard to fetal distress was observed. Furthermore, there was a higher release of zo-1 into the maternal circulation in relation to newborns' moderate acidosis in late-onset FGR. Blood-brain barrier disintegration is not dependent on pregnancy advancement at the time of FGR diagnosis. NME1 may serve as a biomarker useful in the prediction of fetal circulatory centralization and extremely low birth weight in pregnancies complicated by the early-onset FGR. Moreover, the serum zo-1 concentration may have prognostic value for moderate neonatal acidosis in late-onset FGR pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Misan
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Sławomir Michalak
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapska
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krystyna Osztynowicz
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariola Ropacka-Lesiak
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
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Barrera-Zarate JA, Detmer SE, Pasternak JA, Hamonic G, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 on angiogenesis and cell proliferation at the maternal-fetal interface. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:940-949. [PMID: 35723036 PMCID: PMC9530517 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and cell proliferation in reproductive tissues are essential events
for the maintenance of pregnancy, and alterations can lead to compromised fetal
development and survival. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2
(PRRSV-2) induces reproductive disease with negative financial and production
impact on the swine industry. PRRSV-2 infection alters placental physiology
through inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, yet fetal susceptibility varies.
This study aimed to evaluate angiogenesis and cell proliferation in the porcine
maternal-fetal interface (MFI) and determine if these physiological processes
were altered by PRRSV-2 infection. Thirty-one pregnant gilts were inoculated
with PRRSV-2 at gestation day 86 ± 0.4 (mean ± SD). Seven control gilts were
sham-inoculated. All gilts were euthanized at 12 days postinoculation.
Angiogenesis and cell proliferation were determined through the detection of
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ki-67, respectively, using
immunofluorescence of the MFI from 4 fetal resilience groups: uninfected (UNIF),
high viral load–viable (HVL-VIA), and HVL-meconium-stained (MEC) from
PRRSV-infected gilts, as well from sham-inoculated (CON) gilts. VEGF
immunolabeling in the uterine submucosa was significantly lower in MEC compared
with UNIF and HVL-VIA groups. Significantly greater Ki67 immunolabeling was
detected in the trophoblasts of CON fetuses versus all other groups, and in
uterine epithelium of CON and UNIF fetuses versus HVL-VIA and MEC. These results
suggest that fetal resilience may be related to greater cell proliferation in
uterine epithelium, and fetal compromise with reduced uterine submucosal
angiogenesis, except fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction, in which
inherently lower submucosal angiogenesis may be protective against PRRSV
infection.
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