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Wang Y, Liao X, Shang W, Qin J, Xu X, Hu X. The secreted feruloyl esterase of Verticillium dahliae modulates host immunity via degradation of GhDFR. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13431. [PMID: 38353627 PMCID: PMC10866084 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiwen Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiangming Xu
- Pest & Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East MallingWest MallingUK
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Nowak A, Kutyła M, Kaczmarek J, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Jędryczka M. Differences in the Production of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) and Other Metabolites of Plenodomus ( Leptosphaeria) Infecting Winter Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.). Metabolites 2023; 13:759. [PMID: 37367918 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Plenodomus (Leptosphaeria) are phytopathogens of the Brassicaceae family, which includes oilseed rape. The spores of these fungi spread by airborne transmission, infect plants, and cause crop losses. The secondary metabolism of P. lingam and P. biglobosus was studied and compared, with the main focus being on the ability to produce Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). In spite of the 1.5-2-fold faster growth rate of P. biglobosus on Czapek-Dox and other screening media, the average yield of EPS in this fungus was only 0.29 g/L, compared to that of P. lingam (0.43 g/L). In turn, P. biglobosus showed a higher capacity to synthesise IAA, i.e., 14 µg/mL, in contrast to <1.5 µg/mL produced by P. lingam. On the other hand, the P. lingam strains showed higher β-glucanase activity (350-400 mU/mL), compared to 50-100 mU/mL in P. biglobosus. Invertase levels were similar in both species (250 mU/mL). The positive correlation between invertase activity and EPS yield contrasted with the absence of a correlation of EPS with β-glucanase. Plenodomus neither solubilised phosphate nor used proteins from milk. All strains showed the ability to synthesise siderophores on CAS agar. P. biglobosus exhibited the highest efficiency of amylolytic and cellulolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Nowak
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kutyła
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jędryczka
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Arif S, Nait M’Barek H, Oulghazi S, Audenaert K, Hajjaj H. Lignocellulose-degrading fungi newly isolated from central Morocco are potent biocatalysts for olive pomace valorization. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arentshorst M, Reijngoud J, van Tol DJC, Reid ID, Arendsen Y, Pel HJ, van Peij NNME, Visser J, Punt PJ, Tsang A, Ram AFJ. Utilization of ferulic acid in Aspergillus niger requires the transcription factor FarA and a newly identified Far-like protein (FarD) that lacks the canonical Zn(II) 2Cys 6 domain. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:978845. [PMID: 37746181 PMCID: PMC10512302 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.978845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The feruloyl esterase B gene (faeB) is specifically induced by hydroxycinnamic acids (e.g. ferulic acid, caffeic acid and coumaric acid) but the transcriptional regulation network involved in faeB induction and ferulic acid metabolism has only been partially addressed. To identify transcription factors involved in ferulic acid metabolism we constructed and screened a transcription factor knockout library of 239 Aspergillus niger strains for mutants unable to utilize ferulic acid as a carbon source. The ΔfarA transcription factor mutant, already known to be involved in fatty acid metabolism, could not utilize ferulic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acids. In addition to screening the transcription factor mutant collection, a forward genetic screen was performed to isolate mutants unable to express faeB. For this screen a PfaeB-amdS and PfaeB-lux613 dual reporter strain was engineered. The rationale of the screen is that in this reporter strain ferulic acid induces amdS (acetamidase) expression via the faeB promoter resulting in lethality on fluoro-acetamide. Conidia of this reporter strain were UV-mutagenized and plated on fluoro-acetamide medium in the presence of ferulic acid. Mutants unable to induce faeB are expected to be fluoro-acetamide resistant and can be positively selected for. Using this screen, six fluoro-acetamide resistant mutants were obtained and phenotypically characterized. Three mutants had a phenotype identical to the farA mutant and sequencing the farA gene in these mutants indeed showed mutations in FarA which resulted in inability to growth on ferulic acid as well as on short and long chain fatty acids. The growth phenotype of the other three mutants was similar to the farA mutants in terms of the inability to grow on ferulic acid, but these mutants grew normally on short and long chain fatty acids. The genomes of these three mutants were sequenced and allelic mutations in one particular gene (NRRL3_09145) were found. The protein encoded by NRRL3_09145 shows similarity to the FarA and FarB transcription factors. However, whereas FarA and FarB contain both the Zn(II)2Cys6 domain and a fungal-specific transcription factor domain, the protein encoded by NRRL3_09145 (FarD) lacks the canonical Zn(II)2Cys6 domain and possesses only the fungal specific transcription factor domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Arentshorst
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jos Reijngoud
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daan J. C. van Tol
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ian D. Reid
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yvonne Arendsen
- DSM Biosciences and Process Innovation, Center for Biotech Innovation, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Herman J. Pel
- DSM Biosciences and Process Innovation, Center for Biotech Innovation, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Visser
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Fungal Genetics and Technology Consultancy, Wageningen, AJ, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Punt
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arthur F. J. Ram
- Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Huo J, Sun Y, Pan M, Ma H, Lin T, Lv Z, Li Y, Zhong S. Non-targeted metabonomics and transcriptomics revealed the mechanism of mulberry branch extracts promoting the growth of Sanghuangporus vaninii mycelium. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024987. [PMID: 36274698 PMCID: PMC9582429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanghuangprous vaninii is a wood-inhabiting fungus, and its mycelium and fruiting body show excellent medicinal values. Mulberry is one of the major hosts of S. vaninii, however, the mechanism of mulberry affecting the growth of S. vaninii has not been reported. In the present study, a mulberry-inhabiting strain of S. vaninii was selected to explore the effects of mulberry branch extracts (MBE) on the growth of the strain. Results showed that MBE could significantly promote the growth of S. vaninii mycelium at the concentration of 0.2 g/l. After 16 days of liquid culture, the dry weight of mycelium in 0.2 g/l MBE medium was higher by three times compared with that in the control. The non-targeted metabonomic analysis of the culture medium at different culture times and concentrations was conducted to find the key components in MBE that promoted the growth of S. vaninii mycelium. Under the different concentrations of MBE culture for 10 and 16 days, 22 shared differential metabolites were identified. Next, in accordance with the peak value trend of these metabolites, HPLC–MS and liquid culture validation, four components derived from MBE (i.e., scopoletin, kynurenic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) could significantly increase the growth rate of mycelium at the concentration of 2 mg/l. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyzes showed that MBE could upregulate hydrolase-related genes, such as serine–glycine–asparaginate–histidine (SGNH) hydrolase, alpha-amylase, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerase, glycosyl hydrolase family 61, cerato-platanin protein and Fet3, which might enhance the nutrient absorption ability of S. vaninii. Importantly, MBE could significantly increase the content of harmine, androstenedione and vesamicol, which have been reported to possess various medicinal effects. Results suggested that MBE could be an excellent additive for liquid culture of S. vaninii mycelium, and these hydrolase-related genes also provided candidate genes for improving the nutrient absorption capacity of S. vaninii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Huo
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericultural and Tea, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericultural and Tea, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiliang Pan
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Agricultural Technology Extension, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanyan Ma
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Agricultural Technology Extension, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianbao Lin
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericultural and Tea, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lv
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericultural and Tea, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yougui Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericultural and Tea, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yougui Li,
| | - Shi Zhong
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Sericultural and Tea, Hangzhou, China
- Shi Zhong,
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Aragaw TA, Bogale FM, Gessesse A. Adaptive Response of Thermophiles to Redox Stress and Their Role in the Process of dye Degradation From Textile Industry Wastewater. Front Physiol 2022; 13:908370. [PMID: 35795652 PMCID: PMC9251311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.908370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of dye-containing textile wastewater into the environment causes severe pollution with serious consequences on aquatic life. Bioremediation of dyes using thermophilic microorganisms has recently attracted attention over conventional treatment techniques. Thermophiles have the natural ability to survive under extreme environmental conditions, including high dye concentration, because they possess stress response adaptation and regulation mechanisms. Therefore, dye detoxification by thermophiles could offer enormous opportunities for bioremediation at elevated temperatures. In addition, the processes of degradation generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subject cells to oxidative stress. However, thermophiles exhibit better adaptation to resist the effects of oxidative stress. Some of the major adaptation mechanisms of thermophiles include macromolecule repair system; enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; and non-enzymatic antioxidants like extracellular polymeric substance (EPSs), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), etc. In addition, different bacteria also possess enzymes that are directly involved in dye degradation such as azoreductase, laccase, and peroxidase. Therefore, through these processes, dyes are first degraded into smaller intermediate products finally releasing products that are non-toxic or of low toxicity. In this review, we discuss the sources of oxidative stress in thermophiles, the adaptive response of thermophiles to redox stress and their roles in dye removal, and the regulation and crosstalk between responses to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Tadele Assefa Aragaw,
| | - Fekadu Mazengiaw Bogale
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Gessesse
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Zhao Y, Kakumyan P. Impact of Cultivation Substrate and Microbial Community on Improving Mushroom Productivity: A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040569. [PMID: 35453768 PMCID: PMC9027886 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lignocellulosic material and substrate formulations affect mushroom productivity. The microbial community in cultivation substrates affects the quality of the substrates and the efficiency of mushroom production. The elucidation of the key microbes and their biochemical function can serve as a useful guide in the development of a more effective system for mushroom cultivation. Abstract Lignocellulosic materials commonly serve as base substrates for mushroom production. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the major components of lignocellulose materials. The composition of these components depends upon the plant species. Currently, composted and non-composted lignocellulosic materials are used as substrates in mushroom cultivation depending on the mushroom species. Different substrate compositions can directly affect the quality and quantity of mushroom production yields. Consequently, the microbial dynamics and communities of the composting substrates can significantly affect mushroom production. Therefore, changes in both substrate composition and microbial diversity during the cultivation process can impact the production of high-quality substrates and result in a high degree of biological efficiency. A brief review of the current findings on substrate composition and microbial diversity for mushroom cultivation is provided in this paper. We also summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of mushroom cultivation by analyzing the microbial diversity of the composting substrates during mushroom cultivation. The resulting information will serve as a useful guide for future researchers in their attempts to increase mushroom productivity through the selection of suitable substrate compositions and their relation to the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (P.K.)
| | - Pattana Kakumyan
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (P.K.)
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Abstract
Synthetic biology applications rely on a well-characterized set of microbial strains, with an established toolbox of molecular biology methods for their genetic manipulation. Since there are no thermophiles with such attributes, most biotechnology and synthetic biology studies use organisms that grow in the mesophilic temperature range. As a result, thermophiles, a heterogenous group of microbes that thrive at high (>50 °C) temperatures, are largely overlooked, with respect to their biotechnological potential, even though they share several favorable traits. Thermophilic bacteria tend to grow at higher rates compared to their mesophilic counterparts, while their growth has lower cooling requirements and is less prone to contamination. Over the last few years, there has been renewed interest in developing tools and methods for thermophile bioengineering. In this perspective, we explain why it is a good idea to invest time and effort into developing a thermophilic synthetic biology direction, which is the state of the art, and why we think that the implementation of a thermophilic synthetic biology platform—a thermochassis—will take synthetic biology to the extremes.
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Ohta Y, Katsumata M, Kurosawa K, Takaki Y, Nishimura H, Watanabe T, Kasuya KI. Degradation of ester linkages in rice straw components by Sphingobium species recovered from the sea bottom using a non-secretory tannase-family α/β hydrolase. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4151-4167. [PMID: 33939871 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial decomposition of allochthonous plant components imported into the aquatic environment is one of the vital steps of the carbon cycle on earth. To expand the knowledge of the biodegradation of complex plant materials in aquatic environments, we recovered a sunken wood from the bottom of Otsuchi Bay, situated in northeastern Japan in 2012. We isolated Sphingobium with high ferulic acid esterase activity. The strain, designated as OW59, grew on various aromatic compounds and sugars, occurring naturally in terrestrial plants. A genomic study of the strain suggested its role in degrading hemicelluloses. We identified a gene encoding a non-secretory tannase-family α/β hydrolase, which exhibited ferulic acid esterase activity. This enzyme shares the consensus catalytic triad (Ser-His-Asp) within the tannase family block X in the ESTHER database. The molecules, which had the same calculated elemental compositions, were produced consistently in both the enzymatic and microbial degradation of rice straw crude extracts. The non-secretory tannase-family α/β hydrolase activity may confer an important phenotypic feature on the strain to accelerate plant biomass degradation. Our study provides insights into the underlying biodegradation process of terrestrial plant polymers in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Ohta
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Madoka Katsumata
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Kanako Kurosawa
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research Program, JAMSTEC, 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research Program, JAMSTEC, 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimura
- Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kasuya
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan.,Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
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Galanopoulou AP, Haimala I, Georgiadou DN, Mamma D, Hatzinikolaou DG. Characterization of the Highly Efficient Acid-Stable Xylanase and β-Xylosidase System from the Fungus Byssochlamys spectabilis ATHUM 8891 ( Paecilomyces variotii ATHUM 8891). J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060430. [PMID: 34072339 PMCID: PMC8228849 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel xylanolytic enzymes, a xylanase and a β-xylosidase, were simultaneously isolated and characterized from the extracellular medium of Byssochlamys spectabilis ATHUM 8891 (anamorph Paecilomyces variotii ATHUM 8891), grown on Brewer’s Spent Grain as a sole carbon source. They represent the first pair of characterized xylanolytic enzymes of the genus Byssochlamys and the first extensively characterized xylanolytic enzymes of the family Thermoascaceae. In contrast to other xylanolytic enzymes isolated from the same family, both enzymes are characterized by exceptional thermostability and stability at low pH values, in addition to activity optima at temperatures around 65 °C and acidic pH values. Applying nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the purified SDS-PAGE bands, we sequenced fragments of both proteins. Based on sequence-comparison methods, both proteins appeared conserved within the genus Byssochlamys. Xylanase was classified within Glycoside Hydrolase family 11 (GH 11), while β-xylosidase in Glycoside Hydrolase family 3 (GH 3). The two enzymes showed a synergistic action against xylan by rapidly transforming almost 40% of birchwood xylan to xylose. The biochemical profile of both enzymes renders them an efficient set of biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of xylan in demanding biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia P. Galanopoulou
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.G.); (I.H.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Irini Haimala
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.G.); (I.H.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Daphne N. Georgiadou
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.G.); (I.H.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Diomi Mamma
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (D.G.H.)
| | - Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.G.); (I.H.); (D.N.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (D.G.H.)
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Peng Y, Li SJ, Yan J, Tang Y, Cheng JP, Gao AJ, Yao X, Ruan JJ, Xu BL. Research Progress on Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Role as Biocontrol Agents. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670135. [PMID: 34122383 PMCID: PMC8192705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi decrease crop yield and quality and cause huge losses in agricultural production. To prevent the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests, farmers have to use many synthetic chemical pesticides. The extensive use of these pesticides has resulted in a series of environmental and ecological problems, such as the increase in resistant weed populations, soil compaction, and water pollution, which seriously affect the sustainable development of agriculture. This review discusses the main advances in research on plant-pathogenic fungi in terms of their pathogenic factors such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, growth regulators, effector proteins, and fungal viruses, as well as their application as biocontrol agents for plant pests, diseases, and weeds. Finally, further studies on plant-pathogenic fungal resources with better biocontrol effects can help find new beneficial microbial resources that can control diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi J Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Schools of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian P Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - An J Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing J Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing L Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Papadopoulou A, Zarafeta D, Galanopoulou AP, Stamatis H. Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Trichoderma reesei Cellulase Immobilized on Magnetic Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanoparticles. Protein J 2020; 38:640-648. [PMID: 31549278 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei was immobilized by covalent or non-covalent binding onto magnetic hierarchical porous carbon (MHPC) nanomaterials. The immobilization yield and the enzyme activity were higher when covalent immobilization approach was followed. The covalent immobilization approach leads to higher immobilization yield (up to 96%) and enzyme activity (up to 1.35 U mg-1) compared to the non-covalent cellulase binding. The overall results showed that the thermal, storage and operational stability of the immobilized cellulase was considerably improved compared to the free enzyme. The immobilized cellulose catalyzed the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose up to 6 consecutive successive reaction cycles, with a total operation time of 144 h at 50 °C. The half-life time of the immobilized enzyme in deep eutectic solvents-based media was up to threefold higher compared to the soluble enzyme. The increased pH and temperature tolerance of the immobilized cellulase, as well as the increased operational stability in aqueous and deep eutectic solvents-based media indicate that the use of MHPCs as immobilization nanosupport could expand the catalytic performance of cellulolytic enzymes in various reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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14
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Zarafeta D, Galanopoulou AP, Leni ME, Kaili SI, Chegkazi MS, Chrysina ED, Kolisis FN, Hatzinikolaou DG, Skretas G. XynDZ5: A New Thermostable GH10 Xylanase. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32390953 PMCID: PMC7193231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes have a broad range of applications in industrial biotechnology as biocatalytic components of various processes and products, such as food additives, bakery products, coffee extraction, agricultural silage and functional foods. An increasing market demand has driven the growing interest for the discovery of xylanases with specific industrially relevant characteristics, such as stability at elevated temperatures and in the presence of other denaturing factors, which will facilitate their incorporation into industrial processes. In this work, we report the discovery and biochemical characterization of a new thermostable GH10 xylanase, termed XynDZ5, exhibiting only 26% amino acid sequence identity to the closest characterized xylanolytic enzyme. This new enzyme was discovered in an Icelandic hot spring enrichment culture of a Thermoanaerobacterium species using a recently developed bioinformatic analysis platform. XynDZ5 was produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized biochemically. This analysis revealed that it acts as an endo-1,4-β-xylanase that performs optimally at 65–75°C and pH 7.5. The enzyme is capable of retaining high levels of catalytic efficiency after several hours of incubation at high temperatures, as well as in the presence of significant concentrations of a range of metal ions and denaturing agents. Interestingly, the XynDZ5 biochemical profile was found to be atypical, as it also exhibits significant exo-activity. Computational modeling of its three-dimensional structure predicted a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold, which is very frequently encountered among family GH10 enzymes. This modeled structure has provided clues about structural features that may explain aspects of its catalytic performance. Our results suggest that XynDZ5 represents a promising new candidate biocatalyst appropriate for several high-temperature biotechnological applications in the pulp, paper, baking, animal-feed and biofuel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia P Galanopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evangelia Leni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula I Kaili
- Department of Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Magda S Chegkazi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia D Chrysina
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos N Kolisis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris G Hatzinikolaou
- Department of Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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15
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Song N, Jiang HL. Coordinated photodegradation and biodegradation of organic matter from macrophyte litter in shallow lake water: Dual role of solar irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 172:115516. [PMID: 31986394 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication and climate warming cause macrophytes to spread rapidly in shallow lakes. The accumulation of excess decayed litter in lake water can improve the particulate organic matter content and lead to ecological deterioration. While decomposition of macrophyte litters in aquatic ecosystems is generally assumed to be biologically driven, photodegradation has been largely overlooked. In this study, the potential contribution of photodegradation to the decomposition of organic matter from macrophyte litter in a shallow lake was investigated under two types of light radiation: laboratory incubation light and natural solar radiation. Results showed that the combined photo- and biodegradation treatment removed more litter mass compared to solely photodegradation or biodegradation for over 108 days. More reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced during litter degradation in lake water under the combined photo- and biodegradation treatments in comparison to other treatments. Removal efficiency of litter was doubled in the presence of ROS compared when ROS were captured. Additionally, NMR analysis revealed that lignin guaiacyl units were preferentially lost and the litter became more refractory under the combined photo oxidation and microbial degradation after 108 days. High-throughput sequencing analysis further indicated that solar irradiation stimulates the growth of bacteria (Treponema and Magnetospirillum) and fungi (Aspergillus) that have the ability to degrade aromatic compounds. Altogether, both ROS and specific microorganisms played important role in promoting litter degradation in lake water under light irradiation. Therefore, the role of solar radiation in particulate organic matter decomposition needs to be considered for a more accurate prediction of carbon dynamics in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - He-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
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16
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1443-1476. [PMID: 31021528 PMCID: PMC6850671 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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17
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Shemsi AM, Khanday FA, Qurashi A, Khalil A, Guerriero G, Siddiqui KS. Site-directed chemically-modified magnetic enzymes: fabrication, improvements, biotechnological applications and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:357-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vaissier Welborn
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Expression and characterisation of a thermophilic endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Sulfolobus shibatae of potential industrial application. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2201-2211. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Legay S, Hausman JF, Cauchie HM, Ahmad I, Siddiqui KS. Novel Insights from Comparative In Silico Analysis of Green Microalgal Cellulases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1782. [PMID: 29914107 PMCID: PMC6032398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The assumption that cellulose degradation and assimilation can only be carried out by heterotrophic organisms was shattered in 2012 when it was discovered that the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr), can utilize cellulose for growth under CO₂-limiting conditions. Publications of genomes/transcriptomes of the colonial microalgae, Gonium pectorale (Gp) and Volvox carteri (Vc), between 2010⁻2016 prompted us to look for cellulase genes in these algae and to compare them to cellulases from bacteria, fungi, lower/higher plants, and invertebrate metazoans. Interestingly, algal catalytic domains (CDs), belonging to the family GH9, clustered separately and showed the highest (33⁻42%) and lowest (17⁻36%) sequence identity with respect to cellulases from invertebrate metazoans and bacteria, respectively, whereas the identity with cellulases from plants was only 27⁻33%. Based on comparative multiple alignments and homology models, the domain arrangement and active-site architecture of algal cellulases are described in detail. It was found that all algal cellulases are modular, consisting of putative novel cysteine-rich carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and proline/serine-(PS) rich linkers. Two genes were found to encode a protein with a putative Ig-like domain and a cellulase with an unknown domain, respectively. A feature observed in one cellulase homolog from Gp and shared by a spinach cellulase is the existence of two CDs separated by linkers and with a C-terminal CBM. Dockerin and Fn-3-like domains, typically found in bacterial cellulases, are absent in algal enzymes. The targeted gene expression analysis shows that two Gp cellulases consisting, respectively, of a single and two CDs were upregulated upon filter paper addition to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Xu M, Gao X, Chen J, Yin Z, Feng H, Huang L. The feruloyl esterase genes are required for full pathogenicity of the apple tree canker pathogen Valsa mali. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1353-1363. [PMID: 28960871 PMCID: PMC6638109 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Apple Valsa canker, caused by the fungus Valsa mali, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple trees in East Asia. Feruloyl esterases (ferulic acid esterases, FAEs), which belong to a subclass of carboxylic esterases, can cleave ester bonds that crosslink hydroxycinnamic acids and arabinoxylans or certain pectins in plant cell walls. However, a pathogenic role of FAE has not been demonstrated in plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, the FAE gene family, including one type A, one type B, three type C and two type D FAE genes, was identified in V. mali. Five of the seven FAE genes had highly elevated transcript levels in V. mali-apple tree bark interactions compared with mycelia grown in axenic culture. Signal peptides of the VmFAEs were confirmed using yeast signal sequence trap assays. To examine whether FAEs are required for the pathogenicity of V. mali, seven single- and six double-gene deletion mutants were generated. Compared with the wild-type, three of the seven FAE single-deletion mutants showed significantly reduced pathogenicity and three of the six FAE double-deletion mutants exhibited greater reductions in pathogenicity, suggesting the joint action of FAEs in the V. mali-apple tree interaction. Most of the FAE mutants that exhibited a significant reduction in pathogenicity had significantly lower FAE activity than the wild-type fungus. These results indicate that secreted FAEs are required for the full pathogenicity of the phytopathogenic fungus V. mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Xiaoning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Jiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
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Abstract
The conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass into fuels, chemicals, and high-value materials using the biochemical platform has been considered the most sustainable alternative for the implementation of future biorefineries. However, the high cost of the cellulolytic enzymatic cocktails used in the saccharification step significantly affects the economics of industrial large-scale conversion processes. The on-site production of enzymes, integrated to the biorefinery plant, is being considered as a potential strategy that could be used to reduce costs. In such approach, the microbial production of enzymes can be carried out using the same lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock for fungal development and biofuels production. Most of the microbial cultivation processes for the production of industrial enzymes have been developed using the conventional submerged fermentation. Recently, a sequential solid-state followed by submerged fermentation has been described as a potential alternative cultivation method for cellulolytic enzymes production. This chapter presents the detailed procedure of the sequential cultivation method, which could be employed for the on-site production of the cellulolytic enzymes required to convert lignocellulosic biomass into simple sugars.
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Carbohydrate active enzyme domains from extreme thermophiles: components of a modular toolbox for lignocellulose degradation. Extremophiles 2017; 22:1-12. [PMID: 29110088 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for the manufacture of biodegradable and renewable bioproducts. However, the complex lignocellulosic polymeric structure of woody tissue is difficult to access without extensive industrial pre-treatment. Enzyme processing of partly depolymerised biomass is an established technology, and there is evidence that high temperature (extremely thermophilic) lignocellulose degrading enzymes [carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes)] may enhance processing efficiency. However, wild-type thermophilic CAZymes will not necessarily be functionally optimal under industrial pre-treatment conditions. With recent advances in synthetic biology, it is now potentially possible to build CAZyme constructs from individual protein domains, tailored to the conditions of specific industrial processes. In this review, we identify a 'toolbox' of thermostable CAZyme domains from extremely thermophilic organisms and highlight recent advances in CAZyme engineering which will allow for the rational design of CAZymes tailored to specific aspects of lignocellulose digestion.
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24
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Seppälä S, Wilken SE, Knop D, Solomon KV, O’Malley MA. The importance of sourcing enzymes from non-conventional fungi for metabolic engineering and biomass breakdown. Metab Eng 2017; 44:45-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Stajić M, Vukojević J, Milovanović I, Ćilerdžić J, Knežević A. Role of Mushroom Mn-Oxidizing Peroxidases in Biomass Conversion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43679-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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Cortes-Tolalpa L, Jiménez DJ, de Lima Brossi MJ, Salles JF, van Elsas JD. Different inocula produce distinctive microbial consortia with similar lignocellulose degradation capacity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7713-25. [PMID: 27170322 PMCID: PMC4980425 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite multiple research efforts, the current strategies for exploitation of lignocellulosic plant matter are still far from optimal, being hampered mostly by the difficulty of degrading the recalcitrant parts. An interesting approach is to use lignocellulose-degrading microbial communities by using different environmental sources of microbial inocula. However, it remains unclear whether the inoculum source matters for the degradation process. Here, we addressed this question by verifying the lignocellulose degradation potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw by microbial consortia generated from three different microbial inoculum sources, i.e., forest soil, canal sediment and decaying wood. We selected these consortia through ten sequential-batch enrichments by dilution-to-stimulation using wheat straw as the sole carbon source. We monitored the changes in microbial composition and abundance, as well as their associated degradation capacity and enzymatic activities. Overall, the microbial consortia developed well on the substrate, with progressively-decreasing net average generation times. Each final consortium encompassed bacterial/fungal communities that were distinct in composition but functionally similar, as they all revealed high substrate degradation activities. However, we did find significant differences in the metabolic diversities per consortium: in wood-derived consortia cellobiohydrolases prevailed, in soil-derived ones β-glucosidases, and in sediment-derived ones several activities. Isolates recovered from the consortia showed considerable metabolic diversities across the consortia. This confirmed that, although the overall lignocellulose degradation was similar, each consortium had a unique enzyme activity pattern. Clearly, inoculum source was the key determinant of the composition of the final microbial degrader consortia, yet with varying enzyme activities. Hence, in accord with Beyerinck's, "everything is everywhere, the environment selects" the source determines consortium composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Cortes-Tolalpa
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diego Javier Jiménez
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Julia de Lima Brossi
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Falcão Salles
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Production, Partial Purification and Characterization of Enzyme Cocktail from Trichoderma citrinoviride AUKAR04 Through Solid-State Fermentation. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Siddiqui KS. Defying the activity–stability trade-off in enzymes: taking advantage of entropy to enhance activity and thermostability. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:309-322. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1144045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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30
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Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26870049 PMCID: PMC4740396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fiber since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers. Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes. Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data. Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i.e., cell suspension and hairy root cultures. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M. Andre
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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31
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Fong M, Berrin JG, Paës G. Investigation of the binding properties of a multi-modular GH45 cellulase using bioinspired model assemblies. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:12. [PMID: 26788125 PMCID: PMC4717654 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymes degrading plant biomass polymers are widely used in biotechnological applications. Their efficiency can be limited by non-specific interactions occurring with some chemical motifs. In particular, the lignin component is known to bind enzymes irreversibly. In order to determine interactions of enzymes with their substrates, experiments are usually performed on isolated simple polymers which are not representative of plant cell wall complexity. But when using natural plant substrates, the role of individual chemical and structural features affecting enzyme-binding properties is also difficult to decipher. RESULTS We have designed and used lignified model assemblies of plant cell walls as templates to characterize binding properties of multi-modular cellulases. These three-dimensional assemblies are modulated in their composition using the three principal polymers found in secondary plant cell walls (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Binding properties of enzymes are obtained from the measurement of their mobility that depends on their interactions with the polymers and chemical motifs of the assemblies. The affinity of the multi-modular GH45 cellulase was characterized using a statistical analysis to determine the role played by each assembly polymer. Presence of hemicellulose had much less impact on affinity than cellulose and model lignin. Depending on the number of CBMs appended to the cellulase catalytic core, binding properties toward cellulose and lignin were highly contrasted. CONCLUSIONS Model assemblies bring new insights into the molecular determinants that are responsible for interactions between enzymes and substrate without the need of complex analysis. Consequently, we believe that model bioinspired assemblies will provide relevant information for the design and optimization of enzyme cocktails in the context of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fong
- />UMR0614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, INRA, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100 Reims, France
- />UMR0614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- />UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, 13288 Marseille, France
- />UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France
- />UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Polytech’Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Paës
- />UMR0614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, INRA, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100 Reims, France
- />UMR0614, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100 Reims, France
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Zhang L, Ma H, Zhang H, Xun L, Chen G, Wang L. Thermomyces lanuginosus is the dominant fungus in maize straw composts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 197:266-75. [PMID: 26342338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The microbial community composition and function of three self-heating maize straw composts were compared by integrated meta-omics. The results revealed that the fungal communities were primarily dominated by the phylum Ascomycota (>90%) regardless of different nitrogen sources, which were exclusively composed of the Thermomyces, a genus of hemicellulose degraders. The bacterial community composition was affected by the addition of nitrogen sources, as the abundance of the Actinobacteria increased, while the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased. Various hemicellulases and cellulases were detected in the composts, and the major xylanase secreted by Thermomyces lanuginosus was always present, revealing that it was the dominant fungus in hemicellulose hydrolysis and that bacteria and fungi might synergistically degrade lignocellulose. Thus, microbial communities in composts may develop a simple and stable structure of a dominant fungal species and limited numbers of bacterial species under the selective pressure of high temperature and maize straw as starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huaiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Some like it hot, some like it cold: Temperature dependent biotechnological applications and improvements in extremophilic enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1912-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Guerriero G, Hausman J, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqui KS. Lignocellulosic bioma
ss
: Biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Jean‐Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) University and Research Center Campus Tulln‐Technopol Tulln/Donau Austria
- Health and Environment Department Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH ‐ AIT University and Research Center Campus Tulln‐Technopol Tulln/Donau Austria
| | - Haluk Ertan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Peleteiro S, Rivas S, Alonso JL, Santos V, Parajó JC. Utilization of Ionic Liquids in Lignocellulose Biorefineries as Agents for Separation, Derivatization, Fractionation, or Pretreatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8093-8102. [PMID: 26335846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) can play multiple roles in lignocellulose biorefineries, including utilization as agents for the separation of selected compounds or as reaction media for processing lignocellulosic materials (LCM). Imidazolium-based ILs have been proposed for separating target components from LCM biorefinery streams, for example, the dehydration of ethanol-water mixtures or the extractive separation of biofuels (ethanol, butanol) or lactic acid from the respective fermentation broths. As in other industries, ILs are potentially suitable for removing volatile organic compounds or carbon dioxide from gaseous biorefinery effluents. On the other hand, cellulose dissolution in ILs allows homogeneous derivatization reactions to be carried out, opening new ways for product design or for improving the quality of the products. Imidazolium-based ILs are also suitable for processing native LCM, allowing the integral benefit of the feedstocks via separation of polysaccharides and lignin. Even strongly lignified materials can yield cellulose-enriched substrates highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis upon ILs processing. Recent developments in enzymatic hydrolysis include the identification of ILs causing limited enzyme inhibition and the utilization of enzymes with improved performance in the presence of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Peleteiro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo , Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Sandra Rivas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo , Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - José L Alonso
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo , Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Valentín Santos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo , Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan C Parajó
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense) , Polytechnical Building, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- CITI (Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación), University of Vigo , Tecnopole, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
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Miao Y, Li J, Xiao Z, Shen Q, Zhang R. Characterization and identification of the xylanolytic enzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus Z5. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:126. [PMID: 26100973 PMCID: PMC4477485 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant biomass, the most abundant natural material on earth, represents a vast source of food and energy in nature. As the main component of plant biomass, xylan is a complex polysaccharide comprising a linear β(1,4)-linked backbone of xylosyl residues substituted by acetyl, arabinosyl, glucuronysyl and 4-O-methylglucuronycyl residues. RESULTS Aspergillus fumigatus Z5 is an efficient plant biomass depolymerization fungus. In this study, its crude xylanolytic enzymes were characterized and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The optimal temperature for the crude xylanases was close to 60 °C, the highest xylanase activity was achieved at pH ranged from 3 to 6, and the crude xylanases also showed a very broad region of pH (3-11) stability. The maximal xylanase activity of 21.45 U · ml(-1) was observed in the fourth day of cultivation at 50 °C and 150 rpm with 2 % xylan as the sole carbon source. Zymogram analysis indicated that there were more than seven secreted proteins with xylanase activity. In the crude enzyme, two major endoxylanases, five cellulases and several associated enzymes were identified to be involved in the hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Of the total 13 xylanase genes in the Z5 genome, 11 were observed using q-PCR to be induced by xylan, one of which, An endo-1,4-β-xylanase with a low secretion level, was also expressed and characterized. The final hydrolysis products of xylan by crude enzyme mainly consisted of xylobiose. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the depolymerization of xylan by Z5 and will help to design enzymatic strategies for plant biomass utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Juan Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Cell Surface and Membrane Engineering: Emerging Technologies and Applications. J Funct Biomater 2015; 6:454-85. [PMID: 26096148 PMCID: PMC4493524 DOI: 10.3390/jfb6020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranes constitute the interface between the basic unit of life—a single cell—and the outside environment and thus in many ways comprise the ultimate “functional biomaterial”. To perform the many and often conflicting functions required in this role, for example to partition intracellular contents from the outside environment while maintaining rapid intake of nutrients and efflux of waste products, biological membranes have evolved tremendous complexity and versatility. This article describes how membranes, mainly in the context of living cells, are increasingly being manipulated for practical purposes with drug discovery, biofuels, and biosensors providing specific, illustrative examples. Attention is also given to biology-inspired, but completely synthetic, membrane-based technologies that are being enabled by emerging methods such as bio-3D printers. The diverse set of applications covered in this article are intended to illustrate how these versatile technologies—as they rapidly mature—hold tremendous promise to benefit human health in numerous ways ranging from the development of new medicines to sensitive and cost-effective environmental monitoring for pathogens and pollutants to replacing hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels.
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Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Ezcurra I. WD40-Repeat Proteins in Plant Cell Wall Formation: Current Evidence and Research Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1112. [PMID: 26734023 PMCID: PMC4686805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic complexity of living organisms relies on supramolecular protein structures which ensure vital processes, such as signal transduction, transcription, translation and cell wall synthesis. In eukaryotes WD40-repeat (WDR) proteins often function as molecular "hubs" mediating supramolecular interactions. WDR proteins may display a variety of interacting partners and participate in the assembly of complexes involved in distinct cellular functions. In plants, the formation of lignocellulosic biomass involves extensive synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, a process that requires the assembly of large transmembrane enzyme complexes, intensive vesicle trafficking, interactions with the cytoskeleton, and coordinated gene expression. Because of their function as supramolecular hubs, WDR proteins could participate in each or any of these steps, although to date only few WDR proteins have been linked to the cell wall by experimental evidence. Nevertheless, several potential cell wall-related WDR proteins were recently identified using in silico approaches, such as analyses of co-expression, interactome and conserved gene neighborhood. Notably, some WDR genes are frequently genomic neighbors of genes coding for GT2-family polysaccharide synthases in eukaryotes, and this WDR-GT2 collinear microsynteny is detected in diverse taxa. In angiosperms, two WDR genes are collinear to cellulose synthase genes, CesAs, whereas in ascomycetous fungi several WDR genes are adjacent to chitin synthase genes, chs. In this Perspective we summarize and discuss experimental and in silico studies on the possible involvement of WDR proteins in plant cell wall formation. The prospects of biotechnological engineering for enhanced biomass production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Inés Ezcurra
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University CenterStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Inés Ezcurra,
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