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Li W, Li J, Hussain K, Peng K, Yu J, Xu M, Yang S. Transporters and phytohormones analysis reveals differential regulation of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in response to cadmium and arsenic stresses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134228. [PMID: 38626683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are two highly toxic heavy metals and metalloids that coexist in many situations posing severe threats to plants. Our investigation was conducted to explore the different regulatory mechanisms of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) responding to individual and combined Cd and As stresses in hydroponics. Results showed that the ryegrass well-growth phenotype was not affected by Cd stress of 10 mg·L-1. However, As of 10 mg·L-1 caused rapid water loss, proline surge, and chlorosis in shoots, suggesting that ryegrass was highly sensitive to As. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the transcription factor LpIRO2 mediated the upregulation of ZIP1 and YSL6 that played an important role in Cd tolerance. We found that the presence of As caused the overexpression of LpSWT12, a process potentially regulated by bHLH14, to mitigate hyperosmolarity. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents and expression of their signaling-related genes were significantly affected by As stress rather than Cd. We predict a regulatory network to illustrate the interaction between transporters, transcription factors, and signaling transduction, and explain the antagonism of Cd and As toxicity. This present work provides a research basis for plant protection from Cd and As pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- School of Ecology and Environment at Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Ecology and Environment at Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Khateeb Hussain
- School of Ecology and Environment at Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Kaihao Peng
- Beijing Peace Carbon Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- School of Ecology and Environment at Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Miaoqing Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment at Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment at Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.
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2
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Li X, Cao H, Yu D, Xu K, Zhang Y, Shangguan X, Zheng X, Yang Z, Li C, Pan X, Cui Y, Zhang Z, Han M, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Guo H, Zhao J, Li L, Li C. SlbHLH152, a bHLH transcription factor positively regulates iron homeostasis in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111821. [PMID: 37558055 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The maintain of iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for plant survival. In tomato, few transcription factors have been identified as regulators of Fe homeostasis, among which SlbHLH068 induced by iron deficiency, plays an important role. However, the upstream regulator(s) responsible for activating the expression of SlbHLH068 remain(s) unknown. In this study, the bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor SlbHLH152 was identified as an upstream regulator of SlbHLH068 using yeast one-hybrid screening. Deletion of SlbHLH152 led to a significant decline in Fe concentration, which was accompanied by reduced expression of Fe-deficiency-responsive genes. In contrast, SlbHLH152 overexpression plants displayed tolerance to iron deficiency, increased Fe accumulation, and elevated expression of Fe-deficiency-responsive genes. Further analysis indicated that SlbHLH152 directly activates the transcription of SlbHLH068. Taken together, our results suggest that SlbHLH152 may be involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis by directly activating the transcription of SlbHLH068 in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Xinxin Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Chaoqiong Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Xingchen Pan
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yiming Cui
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Mengru Han
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Qimeng Sun
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Lili Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China; College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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3
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Characterization of Chlamydia muridarum TC0668 Protein: Localization, Expression, and Inflammation-Inducing Effects on Host Cell. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:325. [PMID: 36125608 PMCID: PMC9485785 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to elucidate the basic biological properties and function of TC0668 in vitro. Laser confocal microscopy and immune-electron microscopy were used to detect localization of TC0668 in Chlamydia-infected human epithelial cells, while the expression phase was investigated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Protein array technology was employed to evaluate differences in cytokine secretion between cells infected with tc0668 single mutants and those infected with tc0668 null mutants. We found that TC0668 is restricted to the chlamydial inclusion. Translation and transcription of TC0668 were detected at 4 h and peaked at 16 h during the life cycle of Chlamydia in vitro. The cytokines produced by tc0668 single mutant infected cultures compared with tc0668 null mutant group indicated that 36 cytokines were downregulated, while 10 were up-regulated significantly. C. muridarum bearing a single tc0668 gene mutation have decreased urogenital pathogenicity that is explained by the effects of the mutation on the regulation of inflammation-related cytokine secretion.
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Guo Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Hu C, Shi K, Zhou J, Xia X, Zhou Y, Foyer CH, Yu J. The phyB-dependent induction of HY5 promotes iron uptake by systemically activating FER expression. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51944. [PMID: 34018302 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency affects global crop productivity and human health. However, the role of light signaling in plant Fe uptake remains uncharacterized. Here, we find that light-induced Fe uptake in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is largely dependent on phytochrome B (phyB). Light induces the phyB-dependent accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) protein both in the leaves and roots. HY5 movement from shoots to roots activates the expression of FER transcription factor, leading to the accumulation of transcripts involved in Fe uptake. Mutation in FER abolishes the light quality-induced changes in Fe uptake. The low Fe uptake observed in phyB, hy5, and fer mutants is accompanied by lower photosynthetic electron transport rates. Exposure to red light at night increases Fe accumulation in wild-type fruit but has little effects on fruit of phyB mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Fe uptake is systemically regulated by light in a phyB-HY5-FER-dependent manner. These findings provide new insights how the manipulation of light quality could be used to improve Fe uptake and hence the nutritional quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Gao F, Dubos C. Transcriptional integration of plant responses to iron availability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2056-2070. [PMID: 33246334 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one of the most important micronutrients for plant growth and development. It functions as the enzyme cofactor or component of electron transport chains in various vital metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and amino acid biosynthesis. To maintain iron homeostasis, and therefore prevent any deficiency or excess that could be detrimental, plants have evolved complex transcriptional regulatory networks to tightly control iron uptake, translocation, assimilation, and storage. These regulatory networks are composed of various transcription factors; among them, members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family play an essential role. Here, we first review recent advances in understanding the roles of bHLH transcription factors involved in the regulatory cascade controlling iron homeostasis in the model plant Arabidopsis, and extend this understanding to rice and other plant species. The importance of other classes of transcription factors will also be discussed. Second, we elaborate on the post-translational mechanisms involved in the regulation of these regulatory networks. Finally, we provide some perspectives on future research that should be conducted in order to precisely understand how plants control the homeostasis of this micronutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Bai Q, Shen Y, Huang Y. Advances in Mineral Nutrition Transport and Signal Transduction in Rosaceae Fruit Quality and Postharvest Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:620018. [PMID: 33692815 PMCID: PMC7937644 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.620018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrition, taken up from the soil or foliar sprayed, plays fundamental roles in plant growth and development. Among of at least 14 mineral elements, the macronutrients nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) and the micronutrient iron (Fe) are essential to Rosaceae fruit yield and quality. Deficiencies in minerals strongly affect metabolism with subsequent impacts on the growth and development of fruit trees. This ultimately affects the yield, nutritional value, and quality of fruit. Especially, the main reason of the postharvest storage loss caused by physiological disorders is the improper proportion of mineral nutrient elements. In recent years, many important mineral transport proteins and their regulatory components are increasingly revealed, which make drastic progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms for mineral nutrition (N, P, K, Ca, and Fe) in various aspects including plant growth, fruit development, quality, nutrition, and postharvest storage. Importantly, many studies have found that mineral nutrition, such as N, P, and Fe, not only affects fruit quality directly but also influences the absorption and the content of other nutrient elements. In this review, we provide insights of the mineral nutrients into their function, transport, signal transduction associated with Rosaceae fruit quality, and postharvest storage at physiological and molecular levels. These studies will contribute to provide theoretical basis to improve fertilizer efficient utilization and fruit industry sustainable development.
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A salivary EF-hand calcium-binding protein of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens functions as an effector for defense responses in rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40498. [PMID: 28098179 PMCID: PMC5241783 DOI: 10.1038/srep40498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a major pest of rice in Asia, is able to successfully puncture sieve tubes in rice with its piercing stylet and then to ingest phloem sap. How BPH manages to continuously feed on rice remains unclear. Here, we cloned the gene NlSEF1, which is highly expressed in the salivary glands of BPH. The NlSEF1 protein has EF-hand Ca2+-binding activity and can be secreted into rice plants when BPH feed. Infestation of rice by BPH nymphs whose NlSEF1 was knocked down elicited higher levels of Ca2+ and H2O2 but not jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and SA in rice than did infestation by control nymphs; Consistently, wounding plus the recombination protein NlSEF1 suppressed the production of H2O2 in rice. Bioassays revealed that NlSEF1-knockdown BPH nymphs had a higher mortality rate and lower feeding capacity on rice than control nymphs. These results indicate that the salivary protein in BPH, NlSEF1, functions as an effector and plays important roles in interactions between BPH and rice by mediating the plant’s defense responses.
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Zhai L, Xiao D, Sun C, Wu T, Han Z, Zhang X, Xu X, Wang Y. Nitric oxide signaling is involved in the response to iron deficiency in the woody plant Malus xiaojinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:515-524. [PMID: 27835849 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To cope with iron (Fe) deficiency, plants have evolved a wide range of adaptive responses from changes in morphology to altered physiological responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the Fe-deficiency response through hormonal signaling pathways. Here, we report that NO plays a significant role in Malus xiaojinensis, an Fe-efficient woody plant. Fe deficiency triggered significant accumulation of NO in the root system, predominantly in the outer cortical and epidermal cells of the elongation zone. The NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO) completely arrested Fe deficiency-induced root hair formation, blocked the increase in root ferric-chelate reductase activity and in root H+ excretion, further reduced the active iron content in young leaves and roots, and prevented the upregulation of the critical Fe-related genes, FIT, MxFRO2-like, and MxIRT1. These conditions were restored under Fe deficiency by treatment with the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Additionally, chlorophyll content and relative expression levels of the genes chlorophyll a deoxygenase (MxCAO) and polyamine oxidase (MxPAO) were not changed significantly following Fe deficiency for 6 d; however, SNP treatment increased MxHEMA gene expression. Interestingly, the Fv/Fm ratio, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), decreased significantly following cPTIO treatment. We observed more severe chlorosis under Fe deficiency with cPTIO treatment for 9 d. These results strongly suggest that NO mediates a range of responses to Fe deficiency in M. xiaojinensis, from morphological changes to the regulation of physiological processes and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dashuang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality, China; Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Huang D, Dai W. Molecular characterization of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes that are differentially expressed and induced by iron deficiency in Populus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1211-24. [PMID: 25721202 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two Populus bHLH genes ( PtFIT and PtIRO ) were cloned and characterized. The iron deficiency tolerance may be regulated by the PtFIT -dependent response pathway in Populus. Five orthologs of eight Arabidopsis basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes responding to iron deficiency in Populus were analyzed. Open reading frame (ORF) regions of two bHLH genes (PtFIT and PtIRO) were isolated from the iron deficiency tolerant (PtG) and susceptible (PtY) genotypes of Populus tremula 'Erecta'. Gene sequence analyses showed that each of the two genes was identical in PtG and PtY. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PtFIT was clustered with the bHLH genes regulating iron deficiency responses, while PtIRO was clustered with another group of the bHLH genes regulating iron deficiency responses in a FIT-independent pathway. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that PtFIT was only detected in the root among all tested tissues, while PtIRO was rarely detected in all tested tissues. Real-time PCR showed that PtFIT was up-regulated in roots under the iron-deficient condition. A higher level of PtFIT transcripts was detected in PtG than in PtY. Pearson Correlation Coefficient calculations indicated a strong positive correlation (r = 0.94) between PtFIT and PtIRT1 in PtG. It suggests that the iron deficiency tolerance of PtG may be regulated by the PtFIT-dependent response pathway. The PtFIT-transgenic poplar plants had an increased expression level of PtFIT and PtIRT1 responding to iron deficiency. One PtFIT-transgenic line (TL2) showed enhanced iron deficiency tolerance with higher chlorophyll content and Chl a/b ratio under iron deficiency than the control plants, indicating that PtFIT is involved in iron deficiency response in Populus. The results would provide useful information to understand iron deficiency response mechanisms in woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqiong Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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