1
|
Kumar R, Meghwanshi GK, Marcianò D, Ullah SF, Bulone V, Toffolatti SL, Srivastava V. Sequence, structure and functionality of pectin methylesterases and their use in sustainable carbohydrate bioproducts: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 244:125385. [PMID: 37330097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are enzymes that play a critical role in modifying pectins, a class of complex polysaccharides in plant cell walls. These enzymes catalyze the removal of methyl ester groups from pectins, resulting in a change in the degree of esterification and consequently, the physicochemical properties of the polymers. PMEs are found in various plant tissues and organs, and their activity is tightly regulated in response to developmental and environmental factors. In addition to the biochemical modification of pectins, PMEs have been implicated in various biological processes, including fruit ripening, defense against pathogens, and cell wall remodelling. This review presents updated information on PMEs, including their sources, sequences and structural diversity, biochemical properties and function in plant development. The article also explores the mechanisms of PME action and the factors influencing enzyme activity. In addition, the review highlights the potential applications of PMEs in various industrial sectors related to biomass exploitation, food, and textile industries, with a focus on development of bioproducts based on eco-friendly and efficient industrial processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun J, Tian Z, Li X, Li S, Li Z, Wang J, Hu Z, Chen H, Guo C, Xie M, Xu R. Systematic analysis of the pectin methylesterase gene family in Nicotiana tabacum and reveal their multiple roles in plant development and abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998841. [PMID: 36247564 PMCID: PMC9554592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pectin methylesterases (PMEs) play multiple roles in regulating plant development and responses to various stresses. In our study, a total of 121 PME genes were identified in the tobacco genome, which were clustered into two groups based on phylogenetic analysis together with Arabidopsis members. The investigations of gene structure and conserved motif indicated that exon/intron and motif organizations were relatively conserved in each group. Additionally, several stress-related elements were identified in the promoter region of these genes. The survey of duplication events revealed that segmental duplications were critical to the expansion of the PME gene family in tobacco. The expression profiles analysis revealed that these genes were expressed in various tissues and could be induced by diverse abiotic stresses. Notably, NtPME029 and NtPME043, were identified as homologues with AtPME3 and AtPME31, respectively. Furthermore, NtPME029 was highly expressed in roots and the over-expression of the NtPME029 gene could promote the development of roots. While NtPME043 could be induced by salt and ABA treatments, and the over-expression of the NtPME043 gene could significantly enhance the salt-stress tolerance in tobacco. Overall, these findings may shed light on the biological and functional characterization of NtPME genes in tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Sun
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaopeng Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Zongyu Hu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Haiqing Chen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Cun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Kunming Branch of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Company, Kunming, China
| | - Minmin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruyan Xu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Jiangsu Industrial Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fabre F, Urbach S, Roche S, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Proteomics-Based Data Integration of Wheat Cultivars Facing Fusarium graminearum Strains Revealed a Core-Responsive Pattern Controlling Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644810. [PMID: 34135919 PMCID: PMC8201412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly occurring upon Fusarium graminearum infection in a wide variety of small-grain cereals, is supposed to be controlled by a range of processes diverted by the fungal pathogen, the so-called susceptibility factors. As a mean to provide relevant information about the molecular events involved in FHB susceptibility in bread wheat, we studied an extensive proteome of more than 7,900 identified wheat proteins in three cultivars of contrasting susceptibilities during their interaction with three F. graminearum strains of different aggressiveness. No cultivar-specific proteins discriminated the three wheat genotypes, demonstrating the establishment of a core proteome regardless of unequivocal FHB susceptibility differences. Quantitative protein analysis revealed that most of the FHB-induced molecular adjustments were shared by wheat cultivars and occurred independently of the F. graminearum strain aggressiveness. Although subtle abundance changes evidenced genotype-dependent responses to FHB, cultivar distinction was found to be mainly due to basal abundance differences, especially regarding the chloroplast functions. Integrating these data with previous proteome mapping of the three F. graminearum strains facing the three same wheat cultivars, we demonstrated strong correlations between the wheat protein abundance changes and the adjustments of fungal proteins supposed to interfere with host molecular functions. Together, these results provide a resourceful dataset that expands our understanding of the specific molecular events taking place during the wheat-F. graminearum interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Fabre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Roche
- INRAE, Unité Experimentale 1375, Phénotypage au Champ des Céréales (PHACC), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Ludovic Bonhomme,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
SIDDIQUI NR, MUHAMMAD A, KHAN MR, ALI GM, MAHMOOD T, SHAHZAD A, JABBAR S. Differential gene expression of pectin esterase and changes in pectin during development and ripening stages of fruit in selected cultivars of banana. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.20719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aish MUHAMMAD
- National Institute of Genomics and Agriculture Biology, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Armghan SHAHZAD
- National Institute of Genomics and Agriculture Biology, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang P, Wang H, Qin X, Chen K, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Yue B. Genome-wide identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of the PME and PMEI gene families in maize. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19918. [PMID: 31882640 PMCID: PMC6934449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectins, the major components of cell walls in plants, are synthesized and secreted to cell walls as highly methyl-esterified polymers and then demethyl-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). The PMEs are spatially regulated by pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). In this study, 43 and 49 putative PME and PMEI genes were identified in maize, respectively. Gene structure and motif analysis revealed that members in the same paralogous pairs or in the same subgroup generally had common motif compositions and gene structure patterns, which indicates functional similarity between the closely related ZmPME/PMEI genes. Gene ontology annotation analysis showed that most of the ZmPME/PMEI genes are involved in cell wall modification and pectin catabolic process with molecular functions of pectinesterase or pectinesterase inhibitor activities. There are 35 ZmPME/PMEI genes expressed higher in anthers than in other tissues from the NimbleGen maize microarray data, and the semiq-RT-PCR assay revealed most of these ZmPME/PMEIs specially expressed in anthers and pollens, indicating they possibly had role in anther and pollen development. In addition, these ZmPME/PMEI genes were highly expressed in the fertile anthers, while lowly or no expressed in sterile anthers. This further indicated these genes might be involved in the development of anther and pollen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiner Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Bing Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kanungo A, Bag BP. Structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of pectinolytic enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42485-019-00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Charged functional domains introduced into a modified pectic homogalacturonan by a mixture of pectin methylesterases isozymes from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck var. Pineapple). Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Gadaleta A, Colasuonno P, Giove SL, Blanco A, Giancaspro A. Map-based cloning of QFhb.mgb-2A identifies a WAK2 gene responsible for Fusarium Head Blight resistance in wheat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6929. [PMID: 31061411 PMCID: PMC6502796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most threating pathogen of wheat, responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) which annually leads to yield losses, grain quality decay and accumulation of harmful mycotoxins in kernels. Host resistance represents the most effective approach to limit disease damages; however, only a limited number of resistant loci have currently been detected in durum genotypes. In this work we report the map-based cloning of a FHB-QTL on 2A chromosome of durum wheat, introgressed from a resistant line derived from the Chinese wheat cv. Sumai-3. A marker enrichment of the QTL region was carried out leading to the inclusion of 27 new SNPs respect to the previous map. A wall-associated receptor-like kinase (WAK2) gene was identified in the region and sequenced, in the resistant parent (RP) one gene was predicted accounting for a genomic sequence of 5,613 structured into 6 exons, whereas two adjacent genes were predicted on the same DNA plus strand of the susceptible parent (SP).t The involvement of WAK2 gene in FHB resistance mechanism was assessed by gene expression comparison between resistant and susceptible wheat lines, and disease symptoms evaluation in 3 TILLING mutants for WAK protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Lucia Giove
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giancaspro A, Lionetti V, Giove SL, Zito D, Fabri E, Reem N, Zabotina OA, De Angelis E, Monaci L, Bellincampi D, Gadaleta A. Cell wall features transferred from common into durum wheat to improve Fusarium Head Blight resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:121-128. [PMID: 30080595 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat is naturally more susceptible to Fusarium graminerum infection in comparison to common wheat. The improvement of durum wheat resistance against F. graminearum is a challenge due to the lack of resistance sources in its gene pool. FHB-resistance factors were introduced in durum wheat by generating recombinant inbred lines (RILs), obtained by crossing the hexaploid resistant accession 02-5B-318 with the susceptible durum wheat cv. Saragolla. In this work we explored the possible contribution of cell wall (CW) in RILs with improved FHB resistance. We thoroughly studied CW components, mycotoxins content and the expression of related genes in different RILs selected for their extremely high and low resistance to FHB. Differences were found in resistant and susceptible lines in the degree of pectin methylesterification and in deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation after fungal infection. Genes involved in biochemical modification of CW structure (WheatPme-1, Glu-1) and mycotoxins accumulation (ns-LTP-1) were analyzed as putative candidates for FHB resistance. Our results indicate that durum wheat plants with cell wall structure and gene response acquired from common wheat displayed an increased resistance to FHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Giancaspro
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania L Giove
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Zito
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nathan Reem
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Food Sciences-Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Monaci
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Food Sciences-Italian National Research Council, Via Amendola, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Sciences (DiSAAT), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fan H, Dong H, Xu C, Liu J, Hu B, Ye J, Mai G, Li H. Pectin methylesterases contribute the pathogenic differences between races 1 and 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13140. [PMID: 29030626 PMCID: PMC5640671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls, which are mainly composed of pectin, play important roles in plant defence responses to pathogens. Pectin is synthesised in a highly esterified form and then de-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Because of this, PMEs are directly involved in plant defence. However, the molecular mechanisms of their interactions with pectins remain unclear. In this study, we compared the expression level and enzyme activities of PMEs in a banana Cavendish cultivar (Musa AAA 'Brazilian') inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense pathogenic races 1 (Foc1) and 4 (Foc4). We further examined the spatial distribution of PMEs and five individual homogalacturonans (HGs) with different degree of pectin methylesterification (DM). Results suggested that the banana roots infected with Foc1 showed lower PME activity than those infected with Foc4, which was consisted with observed higher level of pectin DM. The level of HGs crosslinked with Ca2+ was significantly higher in roots infected with Foc1 compared with those infected with Foc4. Therefore, banana exhibited significantly different responses to Foc1 and Foc4 infection, and these results suggest differences in PME activities, DM of pectin and Ca2+-bridged HG production. These differences could have resulted in observed differences in virulence between Foc1 and Foc4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Honghong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bei Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingwen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guiwan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Introduction and characterization of charged functional domains into an esterified pectic homogalacturonan by a citrus pectin methylesterase and comparison of its modes of action to other pectin methylesterase isozymes. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Comparative proteomic analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) heterostylous pistil development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179018. [PMID: 28586360 PMCID: PMC5460878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterostyly is a common floral polymorphism, but the proteomic basis of this trait is still largely unexplored. In this study, self- and cross-pollination of L-morph and S-morph flowers and comparison of embryo sac development in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) suggested that lower fruit set from S-morph flowers results from stigma-pollen incompatibility. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying heterostyly development, we conducted isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis of eggplant pistils for L- and S-morph flowers. A total of 5,259 distinct proteins were identified during heterostyly development. Compared S-morph flowers with L-morph, we discovered 57 and 184 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during flower development and maturity, respectively. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reactions were used for nine genes to verify DEPs from the iTRAQ approach. During flower development, DEPs were mainly involved in morphogenesis, biosynthetic processes, and metabolic pathways. At flower maturity, DEPs primarily participated in biosynthetic processes, metabolic pathways, and the formation of ribosomes and proteasomes. Additionally, some proteins associated with senescence and programmed cell death were found to be upregulated in S-morph pistils, which may lead to the lower fruit set in S-morph flowers. Although the exact roles of these related proteins are not yet known, this was the first attempt to use an iTRAQ approach to analyze proteomes of heterostylous eggplant flowers, and these results will provide insights into biochemical events taking place during the development of heterostyly.
Collapse
|