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Current status and future prospects in cannabinoid production through in vitro culture and synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108074. [PMID: 36481387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, cannabis has been a rich source of fibrous, pharmaceutical, and recreational ingredients. Phytocannabinoids are the most important and well-known class of cannabis-derived secondary metabolites and display a broad range of health-promoting and psychoactive effects. The unique characteristics of phytocannabinoids (e.g., metabolite likeness, multi-target spectrum, and safety profile) have resulted in the development and approval of several cannabis-derived drugs. While most work has focused on the two main cannabinoids produced in the plant, over 150 unique cannabinoids have been identified. To meet the rapidly growing phytocannabinoid demand, particularly many of the minor cannabinoids found in low amounts in planta, biotechnology offers promising alternatives for biosynthesis through in vitro culture and heterologous systems. In recent years, the engineered production of phytocannabinoids has been obtained through synthetic biology both in vitro (cell suspension culture and hairy root culture) and heterologous systems. However, there are still several bottlenecks (e.g., the complexity of the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway and optimizing the bioprocess), hampering biosynthesis and scaling up the biotechnological process. The current study reviews recent advances related to in vitro culture-mediated cannabinoid production. Additionally, an integrated overview of promising conventional approaches to cannabinoid production is presented. Progress toward cannabinoid production in heterologous systems and possible avenues for avoiding autotoxicity are also reviewed and highlighted. Machine learning is then introduced as a powerful tool to model, and optimize bioprocesses related to cannabinoid production. Finally, regulation and manipulation of the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway using CRISPR- mediated metabolic engineering is discussed.
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Samaniego I, Espín S, Quiroz J, Rosales C, Carrillo W, Mena P, García-Viguera C. Effect of the growing area on the fat content and the fatty acid composition of Ecuadorian cocoa beans. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:901-911. [PMID: 33588686 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1884204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa presents a high fat content and a unique fatty acid profile defining its technological and nutritional properties. This study evaluated the fat content and fatty acid composition of Nacional cocoas, a worldwide recognised "fine" variety, collected in 85 Ecuadorian farms while taking into account 3 geographical levels (region, province, and canton). The total fat content varied from 45.61 ± 1.27 to 52.13 ± 0.58 g/100 g DW and was higher in the provinces and cantons from the Amazonian region than in those from the Pacific Coast region. A remarkable effect of the region and the province was shown on the content of individual fatty acids of Nacional cocoa beans. Total amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids also depended on the growing area. Multivariate analysis provided a comprehensive assessment of the cocoa fat composition according to the origin, which may be useful for the selection of cocoas with specific technological and nutritional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Samaniego
- Department of Nutrition and Quality, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP), Santa Catalina Experimental Station, Mejía, Ecuador
| | - Susana Espín
- Department of Nutrition and Quality, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP), Santa Catalina Experimental Station, Mejía, Ecuador
| | - James Quiroz
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP), Littoral Sur Experimental Station. Cocoa Program, Yaguachi, Ecuador
| | - Carmen Rosales
- Department of Nutrition and Quality, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP), Santa Catalina Experimental Station, Mejía, Ecuador
| | - Wilman Carrillo
- Research Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University of Babahoyo, Babahoyo, Ecuador
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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Li F, Wu B, Yan L, Hao C, Qin X, Lai J, Song Y. Transcriptional profiling reveals differentially expressed genes involved in lipid biosynthesis during cacao seed development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17263. [PMID: 31754164 PMCID: PMC6872657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Theobroma cacao is a plant of economic value due to the use of its seed lipid for chocolate, confectionery, and cosmetic industries. The seed lipid contains a stable ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which determines its unique melting temperature. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism determining the fatty acid ratio and lipid content in cacao. To gain insight into the unique properties of lipid synthesis in cacao, biochemical and transcriptomic approaches were used to compare the lipid accumulation between high and low lipid content cacao accessions. Lipid accumulation rates and lipid content were different between the two accessions. Moreover, differentially expressed genes were detected between high and low lipid content cacao accessions. The data allowed the identification of distinct candidate genes and furthered our understanding of lipid accumulation, potentially explaining the differences in lipid content between various cacao accessions. The results might be used to develop molecular tools and engineer alternative pathways for cacao breeding with improved lipid production potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Li
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China
| | - Baoduo Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyun Hao
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Qin
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China
| | - Jianxiong Lai
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wanning, 571533, P.R. China.
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Huang F, Peng M, Chen X, Li G, Di J, Zhao Y, Yang L, Chang R, Chen Y. cDNA-AFLP analysis of transcript derived fragments during seed development in castor bean ( Ricinus communis L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1506710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Industrial Engineering Research Center of Universities for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Collaborate Innovation Cultivate Center for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Mu Peng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Industrial Engineering Research Center of Universities for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Guorui Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Industrial Engineering Research Center of Universities for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Collaborate Innovation Cultivate Center for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Jianjun Di
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Industrial Engineering Research Center of Universities for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Collaborate Innovation Cultivate Center for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Ruihui Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Yongshen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Industrial Engineering Research Center of Universities for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Castor Breeding, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Collaborate Innovation Cultivate Center for Castor, Tongliao, PR China
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Espinosa-Leal CA, Puente-Garza CA, García-Lara S. In vitro plant tissue culture: means for production of biological active compounds. PLANTA 2018; 248:1-18. [PMID: 29736623 PMCID: PMC7088179 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Plant tissue culture as an important tool for the continuous production of active compounds including secondary metabolites and engineered molecules. Novel methods (gene editing, abiotic stress) can improve the technique. Humans have a long history of reliance on plants for a supply of food, shelter and, most importantly, medicine. Current-day pharmaceuticals are typically based on plant-derived metabolites, with new products being discovered constantly. Nevertheless, the consistent and uniform supply of plant pharmaceuticals has often been compromised. One alternative for the production of important plant active compounds is in vitro plant tissue culture, as it assures independence from geographical conditions by eliminating the need to rely on wild plants. Plant transformation also allows the further use of plants for the production of engineered compounds, such as vaccines and multiple pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the important bioactive compounds currently produced by plant tissue culture and the fundamental methods and plants employed for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Espinosa-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - César A Puente-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México.
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