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Li F, Li Y. Effect of Alfalfa Cultivars and Ages on the Occurrence of Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium alfalfae. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:496-503. [PMID: 34420361 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0886-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In August 2019, Verticillium wilt was observed in commercial alfalfa fields in Jinta County, Jiuquan, located to the west of Gansu, China, where Verticillium wilt of alfalfa was first observed in this region. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of alfalfa cultivars (Galaxie Max, Liangmu No. 2, and Danon VNS, planted in 2017) and ages (cultivar Adrenalin, planted in 2014, 2015, and 2016) on the occurrence of Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium alfalfae. The results showed that V. alfalfae was successfully isolated from both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants. The percentage of V. alfalfae colonization ranged from 22 to 83% in symptomatic plants and 19 to 31% in asymptomatic plants. Among the three cultivars tested, the lowest incidence of disease symptoms was observed in the plants of cultivar Galaxie Max, In addition, the plants of Galaxie Max had a lower rate of infection with V. alfalfae in the field than the cultivar Danon VNS. Moreover, the diseased plants of Galaxie Max had a higher shoot dry weight and levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), starch, sucrose, and chlorophyll than the diseased plants of Liangmu No. 2 and Danon VNS. This demonstrated that Galaxie Max has higher resistance/tolerance to Verticillium wilt than Danon VNS. An examination of the different ages of Adrenalin indicated that the plants in 2014 had a higher incidence of disease and rate of infection in the field than the plants in 2016. In addition, the diseased plants in 2016 had a higher shoot dry weight and contents of N, P, sucrose, and starch than the diseased plants in 2014 and 2015. This result indicated that an increase in the age of alfalfa plants contributes to the occurrence and development of Verticillium wilt. The infection of V. alfalfae significantly decreased the shoot dry weights and the contents of chlorophyll, N, P, and starch of alfalfa plants. These results provide a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of the response of alfalfa plants to Verticillium wilt caused by V. alfalfae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730020, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730020, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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2
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Han FX, Dun BQ, Zhang J, Wang Z, Sui Y, Zhu L, Li GY. Cloning and functional analysis of soluble acid invertase 2 gene (SbSAI-2) in sorghum. PLANTA 2021; 255:13. [PMID: 34862923 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sorghum soluble acid invertase gene SbSAI-2 was cloned and the function verified in Pichia pastoris and rice, showing the SbSAI-2 affects composition and content of sugar in stem juice. Sugar metabolism is one of the most important metabolic processes in plants, in which soluble acid invertase plays a key role. However, the structure and function of the soluble acid transferase gene in sorghum are still fully unclear. In this study, SbSAI-2 was cloned from the sorghum variety BTx623, and two transcripts were found through sequence analysis, with only one transcript translated into an active protein. There is 72% homology between SbSAI-2 and OsVIN2. The construction of Osvin2 mutant lines and SbSAI-2-1 overexpression lines in Oryza sativa L. japonica. cv. Nipponbare were produced to clarify the invertase functionality. While the invertase activity in the stem of the Osvin2 mutant line was reduced, with no significant difference (P > 0.05), and the contents of fructose and glucose in stem tissue did not change significantly (P > 0.05), and the content of sucrose increased by 38.89% (P < 0.01). In SbSAI-2-1 overexpression lines, the invertase activity in stem was increased by more than 20 times (P < 0.01). The contents of glucose and fructose in stem tissues were increased by two and three times, respectively (P < 0.01), while the content of sucrose was significantly decreased, which was below the detection limit (P < 0.01). This study indicated that SbSAI-2 is a key enzyme related to sucrose metabolism and affects the composition and content of sugar in stems. The result provided further the gene function verification and laid a foundation for the development of molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Xia Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bao-Qing Dun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi Sui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Gui-Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Walker RP, Battistelli A, Bonghi C, Drincovich MF, Falchi R, Lara MV, Moscatello S, Vizzotto G, Famiani F. Non-structural Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Flesh of Stone Fruits of the Genus Prunus (Rosaceae) - A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549921. [PMID: 33240291 PMCID: PMC7683422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.549921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates are abundant constituents of the ripe flesh of all stone fruits. The bulk of their content comprises sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol. However, the abundance of each of these carbohydrates in the flesh differs between species, and also with its stage of development. In this article the import, subcellular compartmentation, contents, metabolism and functions of non-structural carbohydrates in the flesh of commercially cultivated stone fruits of the family Rosaceae are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Porano, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - María F. Drincovich
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - María V. Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Porano, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Giannino D, Testone G, Nicolodi C, Giorgetti L, Bellani L, Gonnella M, Ciardi M, Cappuccio P, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Longo V. Nutritive Parameters and Antioxidant Quality of Minimally Processed "Cime di Rapa" ( Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris) Vary as Influenced by Genotype and Storage Time. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/126617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Lu Z, Pan Y, Ren T, Cong R, Lu J, Li X. Potassium deficiency aggravates yield loss in rice by restricting the translocation of non-structural carbohydrates under Sarocladium oryzae infection condition. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:352-364. [PMID: 30536828 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sheath rot disease (ShR) caused by Sarocladium oryzae (S. oryzae) infection is an emerging disease that causes severe yield loss by restricting the translocation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). Potassium (K) nutrition plays a critical role in disease resistance and the exportation of NSC. However, the physiological mechanisms of K with respect to ShR have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. The objectives of this study were to reveal the mechanisms by which K increases ShR resistance by regulating NSC translocation of rice, therefore, a field experiment combined with an inoculation experiment was conducted. We demonstrate that ShR disease incidence and disease index decreased dramatically with an increasing K application. K deficiency sharply induced the accumulation of NSC in the flag leaf (FL) and flag leaf sheath (FLS) under S. oryzae infection condition, which reduced the contribution of transferred NSC to final yield. A permutational multivariate analysis showed that K deficiency had a greater (49.0%, P < 0.001) effect on the NSC content variation in FL than that of S. oryzae infection (15.0%, P < 0.001). S. oryzae infection dramatically increased the difference in apparent transferred mass of NSC and cell membrane injury of diseased organs between K-deficient and K-sufficient rice. Finally, we demonstrate that cell membrane injury was a limiting factor imposed by K deficiency, which restricts the export of NSC from source organs. This work highlights the importance of K in improving ShR resistance by regulating NSC translocation (particularly the stem NSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Pan
- Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Poór P, Patyi G, Takács Z, Szekeres A, Bódi N, Bagyánszki M, Tari I. Salicylic acid-induced ROS production by mitochondrial electron transport chain depends on the activity of mitochondrial hexokinases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:273-283. [PMID: 30758749 PMCID: PMC7196940 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth regulator, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the induction of cell death in plants. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria and loss of mitochondrial integrity can be observed during cell death execution in plant tissues. The aim of this work was to study the putative role of hexokinases (HXKs) in the initiation of cell death using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves and mitochondria isolated from plants exposed to a sublethal, 0.1 mM and a cell death-inducing, 1 mM concentrations of SA. Both treatments enhanced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production in the leaves, which contributed to a concentration-dependent loss of membrane integrity. Images prepared by transmission electron microscopy showed swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of mitochondria after SA exposure. Using post-embedding immunohistochemistry, cyt c release from mitochondria was also detected after 1 mM SA treatment. Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves and the total mtHXK activity in the mitochondrial fraction. The role of mitochondrial hexokinases (mtHXKs) in ROS and NO production of isolated mitochondria was investigated by the addition of HXK substrate, glucose (Glc) and a specific HXK inhibitor, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to the mitochondrial suspension. Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP, which was slightly inhibited by Glc and increased significantly by NAG in control and in 0.1 mM SA-treated mitochondria. These changes were not significant at 1 mM SA, which caused disorganisation of mitochondrial membranes. Thus the inhibition of mtHXK activity can contribute to the mitochondrial ROS production, but it is not involved in NO generation in SA-treated leaf mitochondria suggesting that SA can promote cell death by suppressing mtHXK transcription and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Patyi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
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Lawrence BT, Melgar JC. Variable Fall Climate Influences Nutrient Resorption and Reserve Storage in Young Peach Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1819. [PMID: 30619397 PMCID: PMC6304733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A delay of leaf senescence resulting from variable fall climate may allow for additional nutrient resorption, and storage within reserve organs. Autumn leaves and reserve organs (<1 year shoots, >1 year shoots, stem above and below the graft union, the tap root, and fine roots) during dormancy of young peach trees were evaluated following warmer fall temperatures and limited soil moisture on two cultivars ('Scarletprince' and 'Autumnprince' both on GuardianTM rootstock) over two seasons. Four treatments were established for the two cultivars: (1) well-watered trees (100% ETc needs) in ambient outdoor temperatures; (2) water deficient trees (50% ETc needs) in ambient outdoor temperatures; (3) well-watered trees grown within a greenhouse; and (4) water deficient trees within a greenhouse. The greenhouse environment was on average 5°C warmer than the ambient outdoor temperature. Senescence was delayed on greenhouse-grown trees both years with leaf number and area similar in the greenhouse and outdoor environments prior to senescence. Across leaf samples, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were lower within delayed senescence tree leaves while potassium was lower in leaves experiencing normal senescence. During dormancy, multiple reserve organs showed higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in trees with delayed senescence than normal senescence and similar increases were observed in water-deficient trees compared to well-watered trees. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations were also higher in multiple reserve organs within 'Autumnprince' trees compared to 'Scarletprince' trees. This study suggests variable climate conditions of increased temperatures or reduced soil moisture during autumn resulting in delayed senescence influence the process of nutrient resorption and increase nutrient storage within reserve organs.
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Jing X, Wang H, Gong B, Liu S, Wei M, Ai X, Li Y, Shi Q. Secondary and sucrose metabolism regulated by different light quality combinations involved in melon tolerance to powdery mildew. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 124:77-87. [PMID: 29353685 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of different light combinations on powdery mildew resistance and growth of melon seedlings. Light-emitting diodes were used as the light source and there were five light combinations: white light (420-680 nm); blue light (460 nm); red light (635 nm); RB31 (ratio of red and blue light, 3: 1); and RB71 (ratio of red and blue light, 7: 1). Compared with other treatments, blue light significantly decreased the incidence of powdery mildew in leaves of melon seedlings. Under blue light, H2O2 showed higher accumulation, and the content of phenolics, flavonoid and tannins, as well as expression of the genes involved in synthesis of these substances, significantly increased compared with other treatments before and after infection. Lignin content and expression of the genes related to its synthesis were also induced by blue light before infection. Melon irradiated with RB31 light showed the best growth parameters. Compared with white light, red light and RB71, RB31 showed higher accumulation of lignin and lower incidence of powdery mildew. We conclude that blue light increases melon resistance to powdery mildew, which is dependent on the induction of secondary metabolism that may be related to H2O2 accumulation before infection. Induction of tolerance of melon seeds to powdery mildew by RB31 is due to higher levels of sucrose metabolism and accumulation of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Qilu University of Technology, China
| | - Biao Gong
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Xizhen Ai
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, China.
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Kou J, Wei Y, He X, Xu J, Xu F, Shao X. Infection of post-harvest peaches by Monilinia fructicola accelerates sucrose decomposition and stimulates the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:46. [PMID: 30181886 PMCID: PMC6119188 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To study the changes in sugar metabolism caused by fungal infection in post-harvest peaches, fruit from two cultivars ('Baifeng' and 'Yulu') was inoculated with Monilinia fructicola and stored at 10 °C. During disease development, soluble sugar content was monitored, as well as the activities and expression of selected enzymes. Disease progression was accompanied by a decrease in sucrose content and increases in reducing sugars and soluble solids, consistent with higher enzyme activities for acid invertase, neutral invertase and sucrose synthase-cleavage, and lower activities for sucrose synthase-synthesis and sucrose phosphate synthase. Activities of phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase, which are related to hexose metabolism, also increased. These changes stimulate the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. We conclude that the fungal disease in peach fruit accelerates the decomposition of sucrose, thereby providing more glucose as a substrate to the EMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Kou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Moscatello S, Proietti S, Augusti A, Scartazza A, Walker RP, Famiani F, Battistelli A. Late summer photosynthesis and storage carbohydrates in walnut (Juglans regia L.): Feed-back and feed-forward effects. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:618-626. [PMID: 28802240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of late summer - autumn limitation of phloem export on growth, photosynthesis and storage carbohydrate accumulation, was evaluated in walnut (Juglans regia L.). This was done by girdling current years shoots, with either all or with only a third of the leaves left in place. Nineteen days after girdling, photosynthesis was greatly reduced and after 46 days, it was about 70% lower in both girdling treatments compared to the control (ungirdled shoots). This reduction is consistent with a feed-back effect of an increased carbohydrate content of the leaves. At the end of the experiment (46 days after girdling), the radial growth of girdled shoots was increased at their base but not at their apical part compared to the control. Girdling increased the accumulation of sucrose in the bark at the base of the shoot and of starch in the bark and in the wood of the shoot apical part. The activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in wood increased in the apical part of girdled shoots. The results suggest that a high availability of carbohydrates elicits a feed-forward action on the shoot sink size and activity (radial growth and storage carbohydrate accumulation). Further, for the first time in tree wood we found an increased total activity of AGP induced by an increased assimilate availability. Moreover, the results indicated that, in late summer - autumn, CO2 uptake by leaves of the deciduous tree walnut is strongly dependent on export of photosynthates from the crown. Therefore, carbon uptake in this period depends largely on the availability of effective storage sinks where newly produced assimilates can be accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Angela Augusti
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy; Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Robert P Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Viale G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy.
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