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Cui C, Yan J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Su Q, Kong M, Zhou C, Ming H. One-pot biosynthesis of gastrodin using UDP-glycosyltransferase itUGT2 with an in situ UDP-glucose recycling system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 166:110226. [PMID: 36913860 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodin, the major effective ingredient in Tianma (Gastrodia elata), is a p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivative with various activities. Gastrodin has been widely investigated for food and medical applications. The last biosynthetic step for gastrodin is UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated glycosylation with UDP-glucose (UDPG) as glycosyl donor. In this study, we performed a one-pot reaction both in vitro and in vivo to synthesize gastrodin from p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (pHBA) by coupling UDP-glucosyltransferase from Indigofera tinctoria (itUGT2) to sucrose synthase from Glycine max (GmSuSy) for regeneration of UDPG. The in vitro results showed that itUGT2 transferred a glucosyl group to pHBA to generate gastrodin. After 37 UDPG regeneration cycles with 2.5% (molar ratio) UDP, the pHBA conversion reached 93% at 8 h. Furthermore, a recombinant strain with itUGT2 and GmSuSy genes was constructed. Through optimizing the incubation conditions, a 95% pHBA conversion rate (220 mg/L gastrodin titer) was achieved in vivo without addition of UDPG, which was 2.6-fold higher than that without GmSuSy. This in situ system for gastrodin biosynthesis provides a highly efficient strategy for both in vitro gastrodin synthesis and in vivo biosynthesis of gastrodin in E. coli with UDPG regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Cui
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China.
| | - Jinyuan Yan
- Changdu Bureau of Science and Technology, Changdu 854000, PR China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Qingyang Su
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Kong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Chenyan Zhou
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Hong Ming
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China.
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Linke JA, Rayat A, Ward JM. Production of indigo by recombinant bacteria. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:20. [PMID: 36936720 PMCID: PMC10011309 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigo is an economically important dye, especially for the textile industry and the dyeing of denim fabrics for jeans and garments. Around 80,000 tonnes of indigo are chemically produced each year with the use of non-renewable petrochemicals and the use and generation of toxic compounds. As many microorganisms and their enzymes are able to synthesise indigo after the expression of specific oxygenases and hydroxylases, microbial fermentation could offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing platform. Although multiple small-scale studies have been performed, several existing research gaps still hinder the effective translation of these biochemical approaches. No article has evaluated the feasibility and relevance of the current understanding and development of indigo biocatalysis for real-life industrial applications. There is no record of either established or practically tested large-scale bioprocess for the biosynthesis of indigo. To address this, upstream and downstream processing considerations were carried out for indigo biosynthesis. 5 classes of potential biocatalysts were identified, and 2 possible bioprocess flowsheets were designed that facilitate generating either a pre-reduced dye solution or a dry powder product. Furthermore, considering the publicly available data on the development of relevant technology and common bioprocess facilities, possible platform and process values were estimated, including titre, DSP yield, potential plant capacities, fermenter size and batch schedule. This allowed us to project the realistic annual output of a potential indigo biosynthesis platform as 540 tonnes. This was interpreted as an industrially relevant quantity, sufficient to provide an annual dye supply to a single industrial-size denim dyeing plant. The conducted sensitivity analysis showed that this anticipated output is most sensitive to changes in the reaction titer, which can bring a 27.8% increase or a 94.4% drop. Thus, although such a biological platform would require careful consideration, fine-tuning and optimization before real-life implementation, the recombinant indigo biosynthesis was found as already attractive for business exploitation for both, luxury segment customers and mass-producers of denim garments. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40643-023-00626-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Linke
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Chemical Engineering Department, University College London (UCL), Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF UK
| | - Andrea Rayat
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Biochemical Engineering Department, University College London (UCL), Gower St., London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - John M. Ward
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Biochemical Engineering Department, University College London (UCL), Gower St., London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Zhang YM, Su Y, Dai ZW, Lu M, Sun W, Yang W, Wu SS, Wan ZT, Wan HH, Zhai J. Integration of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals indigo biosynthesis in Phaius flavus flowers under freezing treatment. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13106. [PMID: 35310166 PMCID: PMC8929171 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indigo-containing plant tissues change blue after a freezing treatment, which is accompanied by changes in indigo and its related compounds. Phaius flavus is one of the few monocot plants containing indigo. The change to blue after freezing was described to explore the biosynthesis of indigo in P. flavus. Methods In this study, we surveyed the dynamic change of P. flavus flower metabolomics and transcriptomics. Results The non-targeted metabolomics and targeted metabolomics results revealed a total of 98 different metabolites, the contents of indole, indican, indigo, and indirubin were significantly different after the change to blue from the freezing treatment. A transcriptome analysis screened ten different genes related to indigo upstream biosynthesis, including three anthranilate synthase genes, two phosphoribosyl-anthranilate isomerase genes, one indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthase gene, five tryptophan synthase genes. In addition, we further candidate 37 cytochrome P450 enzyme genes, one uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase gene, and 24 β-D-glucosidase genes were screened that may have participated in the downstream biosynthesis of indigo. This study explained the changes of indigo-related compounds at the metabolic level and gene expression level during the process of P. flavus under freezing and provided new insights for increasing the production of indigo-related compounds in P. flavus. In addition, transcriptome sequencing provides the basis for functional verification of the indigo biosynthesis key genes in P. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-wu Dai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Lu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ting Wan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hua Wan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junwen Zhai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fuzhou, China
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He B, Bai X, Tan Y, Xie W, Feng Y, Yang GY. Glycosyltransferases: Mining, engineering and applications in biosynthesis of glycosylated plant natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:602-620. [PMID: 35261926 PMCID: PMC8883072 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of nucleotide-activated sugars to specific acceptors, among which the GT1 family enzymes are well-known for their function in biosynthesis of natural product glycosides. Elucidating GT function represents necessary step in metabolic engineering of aglycone glycosylation to produce drug leads, cosmetics, nutrients and sweeteners. In this review, we systematically summarize the phylogenetic distribution and catalytic diversity of plant GTs. We also discuss recent progress in the identification of novel GT candidates for synthesis of plant natural products (PNPs) using multi-omics technology and deep learning predicted models. We also highlight recent advances in rational design and directed evolution engineering strategies for new or improved GT functions. Finally, we cover recent breakthroughs in the application of GTs for microbial biosynthesis of some representative glycosylated PNPs, including flavonoid glycosides (fisetin 3-O-glycosides, astragalin, scutellarein 7-O-glucoside), terpenoid glycosides (rebaudioside A, ginsenosides) and polyketide glycosides (salidroside, polydatin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yumeng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wentao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Jiang D, Li P, Yin Y, Ren G, Liu C. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of UGTs from Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoid pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1108-1116. [PMID: 34582913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., a well-known medicinal plant, contains flavonoids including liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, and their corresponding glycoside liquiritin and isoliquiritin. Although some genes encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have been functionally characterized in G. uralensis, other UGTs mechanisms of glycosylation remain to be elucidated. Against this background the aim of the present study included cloning and characterization of two full-length cDNA clones of GuUGT isoforms from the UGT multigene family. These included GuUGT2 (NCBI acc. MK341791) and GuUGT3 (NCBI acc. MK341793) with an ORF of 1473 and 1332 bp, respectively. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed GuUGTs protein of Glycine max had a high homology to that of other plants. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the transcript levels of GuUGTs in different tissues. The results indicated that GuUGTs was more expressed in roots as compared to the leaves, and significantly up-regulated upon NaCl stress. The recombinant protein was heterologous expressed in Escherichia coli and exhibited a high level of UGT activity, catalyzing formation of isoliquiritin and liquiritin from isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin. The key residues of GuUGT2 for liquiritigenin glycosylation (Asn223), isoliquiritigenin (Asp272) were predicted by molecular docking and residue scanning based on simulated mutations. These results could serve as an important reference to understand the function of the UGT family. In addition, the identification of GuUGT2 and GuUGT3 provides a foundation for future studies of flavonoid biosynthesis in G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guangxi Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Gerometta E, Grondin I, Smadja J, Frederich M, Gauvin-Bialecki A. A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Indigofera. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 253:112608. [PMID: 32004627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Indigofera is the third-largest genus in the family of Fabaceae, with approximately 750 species. It is distributed across all tropical regions. Indigofera species are widely employed in traditional medicine all around the world, against many ailments. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these species. A recent paper provides a summary of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Indigofera. Consequently, this review is a continuation of this previous study by updating some data and adding information about the phylogeny and traditional uses of the genus. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide an overview of the phylogeny, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of the genus Indigofera, and to identify the remaining gaps and thus supply a basis for further investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature was performed by consulting scientific databases such as 'ScienceDirect', 'PubMed', 'Google Scholar' and 'SpringerLink' and using the keyword Indigofera. RESULTS Over 60 Indigofera species are reported in traditional medicine. The uses depend on the country and the species, but similarities have been noticed. Indeed, treatments of gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory conditions and pain, skin ailments, and respiratory and infectious diseases are recurring. Phytochemical studies have led to the identification of more than 200 compounds, notably flavonoids and terpenoids. Many pharmacological activities have been demonstrated, particularly antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities, and thus allowed to assert most of the traditional uses of the genus. Some active compounds have been isolated and have shown remarkable therapeutic potential, like the alkaloid indirubin, which is currently being clinically trialed. CONCLUSIONS The data on the genus Indigofera are extensive, but gaps still remain. Indeed, some promising species have not been assessed for their phytochemistry and/or pharmacology and thus remain unexplored. Moreover, relatively few active compounds have been isolated and tested for their biological activity, and studies to explain their mechanism of action are nearly inexistent. Furthermore, some pharmacological studies have inappropriate methodologies that make the results difficult to interpret. Consequently, further in-depth and relevant research is required to supplement the knowledge on this wide-ranging genus and to confirm its reported therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gerometta
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, St Denis Messag Cedex 9, La Réunion, 97 715, France.
| | - Isabelle Grondin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, St Denis Messag Cedex 9, La Réunion, 97 715, France.
| | - Jacqueline Smadja
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, St Denis Messag Cedex 9, La Réunion, 97 715, France.
| | - Michel Frederich
- Université de Liège, Département de Pharmacie, Centre Interfacultaire de Recherche sur le Médicament (CIRM), Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Campus du Sart-Tilman, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate, 15 B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Anne Gauvin-Bialecki
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, St Denis Messag Cedex 9, La Réunion, 97 715, France.
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Fabara AN, Fraaije MW. An overview of microbial indigo-forming enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:925-933. [PMID: 31834440 PMCID: PMC6962290 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Indigo is one of the oldest textile dyes and was originally prepared from plant material. Nowadays, indigo is chemically synthesized at a large scale to satisfy the demand for dyeing jeans. The current indigo production processes are based on fossil feedstocks; therefore, it is highly attractive to develop a more sustainable and environmentally friendly biotechnological process for the production of this popular dye. In the past decades, a number of natural and engineered enzymes have been identified that can be used for the synthesis of indigo. This mini-review provides an overview of the various microbial enzymes which are able to produce indigo and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each biocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Fabara
- Molecular Enzymology group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Inoue S, Morita R, Kuwata K, Kunieda T, Ueda H, Hara-Nishimura I, Minami Y. Tissue-specific and intracellular localization of indican synthase from Polygonum tinctorium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:138-144. [PMID: 30189417 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant Polygonum tinctorium produces the secondary metabolite indican (indoxyl-β-D-glucoside), a precursor of the blue dye indigo. P. tinctorium synthesizes indican through the actions of the UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT), indican synthase. Herein, we partially purified an indican synthase from the leaves and subsequently performed peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. Consequently, we identified a fragment that was homologous to a UDP-glucosyltransferase 72B (UGT72B) family member. We named it PtIgs (P. tinctoriumindoxyl-β-D-glucoside synthase) and obtained the full-length cDNA using rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The primary structure of PtIGS, which PtIgs encoded, showed high identity with indican synthases (ItUGT1 and ItUGT2) from Indigofera tinctoria (Inoue et al., 2017). Moreover, in expression analyses of P. tinctorium, PtIGS mRNA was virtually found only in the leaves, was most highly expressed in the 1st leaves, and decreased with leaf age. Because PtIGS expression tended to reflect indican contents and synthesis activities, we concluded that PtIGS functions as an indican synthase in plant cells. To examine intracellular localization of PtIGS, crude leaf extracts were separated into cytosol and microsome fractions, and found PtIGS in the cytosol and in microsome fractions. Furthermore, microsomal PtIGS was soluble in the presence of detergents and urea and was strongly associated with membranes. Finally, we confirmed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane localization of PtIGS using ultracentrifugation with a sucrose density gradient. These data suggest that PtIGS interacts with some kind of proteins on ER membranes to certainly carry out a delivery of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Inoue
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rihito Morita
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Konan University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Konan University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Konan University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Minami
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
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