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Differences in PI total of Quercus liaotungensis seedlings between provenance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23439. [PMID: 34873278 PMCID: PMC8648719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance index of overall photochemistry (PItotal) is widely used in photosynthesis research, but the PItotal interspecies differences are unclear. To this end, seeds of Quercus liaotungensis from 10 geographical provenances were planted in two different climate types. Two years later, leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient of seedlings were measured. Meanwhile, the environmental factors of provenance location, including temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, transpiration pressure, and soil properties, were retrieved to analyze the trends of PItotal among geographic provenance. The results showed that, in each climate type, there was no significant difference in SPAD and electron transfer status between PSII and PSI, but PItotal was significantly different among geographic provenances. The major internal causes of PItotal interspecies differences were the efficiency of electronic transfer to final PSI acceptor and the number of active reaction centers per leaf cross-section. The main external causes of PItotal interspecies differences were precipitation of the warmest quarter, solar radiation intensity in July, and annual precipitation of provenance location. PItotal had the highest correlation with precipitation of the warmest quarter of origin and could be fitted by the Sine function. The peak location and fluctuating trend of precipitation-PItotal fitted curve were different in two climate types, largely due to the difference of precipitation and upper soil conductivity in the two test sites. Utilizing the interspecific variation and trends of PItotal might be a good strategy to screen high and stable photosynthetic efficiency of Q. liaotungensis provenance.
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Zhang Z, Gong J, Li X, Ding Y, Wang B, Shi J, Liu M, Yang B. Underlying mechanism on source-sink carbon balance of grazed perennial grass during regrowth: Insights into optimal grazing regimes of restoration of degraded grasslands in a temperate steppe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111439. [PMID: 33035939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overgrazing is the main driver of grassland degradation and productivity reduction in northern China. The restoration of degraded grasslands depends on optimal grazing regimes that modify the source-sink balance to promote best carbon (C) assimilation and allocation, thereby promoting rapid compensatory growth of the grazed plants. We used in situ13CO2 labeling and field regrowth studies of Stipa grandis P.A. Smirn.to examine the effects of different grazing intensities (light, medium, heavy, and grazing exclusion) on photosynthetic C assimilation and partitioning, on reallocation of non-structural carbohydrates during regrowth, and on the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Light grazing increased the sink demand of newly expanded leaves and significantly promoted 13C fixation by increasing the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves and accelerating fructose transfer from the stem. Although C assimilation decreased under medium and heavy grazing, S. grandis exhibited a tolerance strategy that preferentially allocated more starch and 13C to the roots for storage to balance sink competition between newly expanded leaves and the roots. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), and other plant hormones regulated source-sink imbalances during regrowth. Abscisic acid promoted accumulation of aboveground biomass by stimulating stem SPS activity, whereas jasmonate increased root starch synthesis, thereby increasing belowground biomass. Overall, S. grandis could optimize source-sink relationships and above- and belowground C allocation to support regrowth after grazing by the regulating activities of SPS, SS and other hormones. These results provide new insights into C budgets under grazing and guidance for sustainable grazing management in semi-arid grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Jirui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yong Ding
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 120 Ulanqab East Street, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tourism and Resources Environment, Taishan University, Tai'an, Shandong province, 271021, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Moghaddam GA, Rezayatmand Z, Nasr Esfahani M, Khozaei M. Genetic defense analysis of tomatoes in response to early blight disease, Alternaria alternata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:500-509. [PMID: 31445475 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Early blight disease of tomato is one of the most devastating biotic stresses worldwide, and in Iran, Alternaria alternata is one of the most predominant species causing the disease. In the current study, a diverse collection of 35 tomato genotypes and implication of 5 SlWRKYs and 7 PR genes as well as enzymatic activity were evaluated on resistant and susceptible cultivars through real-time polymerase chain reaction at transplanting and maturing stages and by measuring product formation using spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the expression of these antifungal genes in 14 genotypes at two growth stages after inoculation with A. alternata highly enhanced by 1-50-fold. There was also significant upregulation of WRKYs and PRs genes among the resistant tomato varieties in comparison to susceptible and control varieties at both stages. These findings demonstrate the varieties that showed increased or decreased SlWRKY1 expression also displayed similar changes in the expression of PR1 and PR2 genes. Furthermore, the differential expression patterns of SlWRKY1 and SlWRKY11 were consistent with PR7 and PDF1.2 expression patterns. The analysis of enzymatic activity of PR2 and PR3 proteins, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase showed the highest level of activity in resistant inoculated genotypes against A. alternata. Therefore, the current findings suggest the possible involvement of these transcription factors in the increased expression of PR genes in response to A. alternata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Rezayatmand
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran; Plant Protection Research Division, Isfahan Center for Research and Education in Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Khozaei
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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