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Tiwari H, Prajapati SK. Allelopathic effect of benzoic acid (hydroponics root exudate) on microalgae growth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115020. [PMID: 36521539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic effluent (HE) contains a reasonable amount of residual nutrients. Therefore, HE could be used as a low-cost growth media for microalgae mediated resource recovery and water recycling. However, the presence of root exudates (particularly, benzoic acid) may lead to toxicity in microalgae.In the present study, the allelopathic effects of benzoic acid on microalgal growth was tested. During 96 h batch growth, Chlorella pyrenoidosa showed the highest biomass concentration (0.064-0.037 g.L-1) compared to Chlorella sorokiniana (0.09-0.26 g.L-1) at the tested benzoic acid doses. Moreover, both the species showed growth stimulation and growth inhibition up to certain benzoic acid doses. Hence, both the microalgal species showed allelopathic behaviour at different doses of benzoic acid. Further, the observed half effective concentration (96 h EC50) were 65.10 mg.L-1 and 105.27 mg.L-1, respectively, for Chlorella pyrenoidosa and C. sorokiniana with 95% confidence limits. Further, Haldane's model best fitted with experimental data of both the microalgae (r ∼ 0.99). Overall, the study reveals that the HE with low benzoic acid dose may serve as a suitable growth media for microalgae. However, further in-depth research interventions using real HE are desirable to determine its real-world applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Tiwari
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Srinivasan R, Han HS, Subramanian P, Mageswari A, Kim SH, Tirumani S, Maurya VK, Muthukaliannan GK, Ramya M. Lipid ROS- and Iron-Dependent Ferroptotic Cell Death in Unicellular Algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040553. [PMID: 36831220 PMCID: PMC9953829 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of heat stress leading to ferroptosis-like cell death has recently been observed in bacteria as well as plant cells. Despite recent findings, the evidence of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death remains unknown in microalgae. The present study aimed to investigate if heat shock could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron-dependent ferroptotic cell death in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in comparison with RSL3-induced ferroptosis. After RSL3 and heat shock (50 °C) treatments with or without inhibitors, Chlamydomonas cells were evaluated for cell viability and the induction of ferroptotic biomarkers. Both the heat shock and RSL3 treatment were found to trigger ferroptotic cell death, with hallmarks of glutathione-ascorbic acid depletion, GPX5 downregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, an increase in cytosolic calcium, ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular iron accumulation via heme oxygenase-1 activation (HO-1). Interestingly, the cells preincubated with ferroptosis inhibitors (ferrostatin-1 and ciclopirox) significantly reduced RSL3- and heat-induced cell death by preventing the accumulation of Fe2+ and lipid ROS. These findings reveal that ferroptotic cell death affects the iron homeostasis and lipid peroxidation metabolism of Chlamydomonas, indicating that cell death pathways are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), MoES-Earth Science and Technology Cell (Marine Biotechnological Studies), Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hyo-Shim Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anbazhagan Mageswari
- PG and Research, Department of Microbiology, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, Arumbakkam, Chennai 600 106, Tamil Nadu, India
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Srikanth Tirumani
- Department of Biology, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Vaibhav Kumar Maurya
- Division of Food Technology, Cytogene Research & Development, Lucknow 226 021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gothandam Kodiveri Muthukaliannan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohandass Ramya
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9442044277
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Pokotylo I, Hodges M, Kravets V, Ruelland E. A ménage à trois: salicylic acid, growth inhibition, and immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:460-471. [PMID: 34872837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone almost exclusively associated with the promotion of immunity. It is also known that SA has a negative impact on plant growth, yet only limited efforts have been dedicated to explain this facet of SA action. In this review, we focus on SA-related reduced growth and discuss whether it is a regulated process and if the role of SA in immunity imperatively comes with growth suppression. We highlight molecular targets of SA that interfere with growth and describe scenarios where SA can improve plant immunity without a growth penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NASU, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR CNRS 9213, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Université d'Evry, Université de Paris, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NASU, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, 60203 Compiègne, France.
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Fan J, Zhou D, Chen C, Wu J, Wu H. Reprogramming the metabolism of Synechocystis PCC 6803 by regulating the plastoquinone biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:351-359. [PMID: 34754966 PMCID: PMC8554343 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can utilize CO2 or even N2 to produce a variety of high value-added products efficiently. Plastoquinone (PQ) is an important electron carrier in both of the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chain. Although the content of PQ, as well as their redox state, have an important effect on physiology and metabolism, there are relatively few studies on the synthesis of PQ and its related metabolic regulation mechanism in photosynthetic microorganisms. In this study, the strategies of overexpression of Geranyl diphosphate: 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase (lepgt) and addition of 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HB) as the quinone ring precursor were adopted to regulate the biosynthesis of PQ in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Combined with the analysis the photosystem activity, respiration rate and metabolic components, we found the changes of intracellular PQ reprogrammed the metabolism of Synechocystis PCC 6803. The results showed that the overexpression of lepgt reduced PQ content dramatically, by 22.18%. Interestingly, both of the photosynthesis and respiration rate were enhanced. In addition, the intracellular lipid and protein contents were significantly increased. Whereas, the addition of low concentrations of 4-HB enhanced the biosynthesis of PQ, and the intracellular PQ contents were increased by 14.76%-70.86% in different conditions. Addition of 4-HB can regulate the photosystem efficiency and respiration and reprogram the metabolism of Synechocystis PCC 6803 efficiently. In a word, regulating the PQ biosynthesis provided a novel idea for promoting the reprogramming the physiology and metabolism of Synechocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Dongqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Ju Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Engineering of China National Light Industry Council, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Abstract
A number of technological challenges need to be overcome if algae are to be utilized for commercial fuel production. Current economic assessment is largely based on laboratory scale up or commercial systems geared to the production of high value products, since no industrial scale plant exits that are dedicated to algal biofuel. For macroalgae (‘seaweeds’), the most promising processes are anaerobic digestion for biomethane production and fermentation for bioethanol, the latter with levels exceeding those from sugar cane. Currently, both processes could be enhanced by increasing the rate of degradation of the complex polysaccharide cell walls to generate fermentable sugars using specifically tailored hydrolytic enzymes. For microalgal biofuel production, open raceway ponds are more cost-effective than photobioreactors, with CO2 and harvesting/dewatering costs estimated to be ~50% and up to 15% of total costs, respectively. These costs need to be reduced by an order of magnitude if algal biodiesel is to compete with petroleum. Improved economics could be achieved by using a low-cost water supply supplemented with high glucose and nutrients from food grade industrial wastewater and using more efficient flocculation methods and CO2 from power plants. Solar radiation of not <3000 h·yr−1 favours production sites 30° north or south of the equator and should use marginal land with flat topography near oceans. Possible geographical sites are discussed. In terms of biomass conversion, advances in wet technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification for algal biodiesel are presented and how these can be integrated into a biorefinery are discussed.
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