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Possible Involvement of DNA Methylation in TSC1 Gene Expression in Neuroprotection Induced by Hypoxic Preconditioning. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9306097. [PMID: 36120601 PMCID: PMC9481362 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9306097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. It has been reported that ischemia and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) have different effects on the expression of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), which may contribute to the tolerance to ischemia/hypoxia with the increase of autophagy. The mechanisms of TSC1 differential expression are still unclear under ischemia/IPC conditions in hippocampal Cornu Ammon 1 (CA1) and Cornu Ammon 3 (CA3) area neuronal cells. While we have shown that 5-Aza-CdR, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, can upregulate TSC1 and increase hypoxic tolerance by autophagy in vivo and in vitro, in this study, we examined whether DNA methylation was involved in the differential expression of TSC1 in the CA1 and CA3 regions induced by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC). Methods. Level of rapamycin (mTOR) autophagy, a downstream molecular pathway of TSC1/TSC2 complex, was detected in HPC mouse hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas as well as in the HPC model of mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. DNA methylation level of TSC1 promoter (-720 bp~ -360 bp) was determined in CA1 and CA3 areas by bisulfite-modified DNA sequencing (BMDS). At the same time, autophagy was detected in HT22 cells transfected with GFP-LC3 plasmid. The role of TSC1 in neuroprotection was measured by cell viability and apoptosis, and the role of TSC1 in metabolism was checked by ATP assay and ROS assay in HT22 cells that overexpressed/knocked down TSC1. Results. HPC upregulated the expression of TSC1, downregulated the level of P-mTOR (Ser2448) and P-p70S6K (Thr389), and enhanced the activity of autophagy in both in vivo and in vitro. The increased expression of TSC1 in HPC may depend on its DNA hypomethylation in the promoter region in vivo. HPC also could reduce energy consumption in HT22 cells. Overexpression and knockdown of TSC1 can affect cell viability, cell apoptosis, and metabolism in HT22 cells exposed to hypoxia. Conclusion. TSC1 expression induced by HPC may relate to the downregulation of its DNA methylation level with the increase of autophagy and the decrease of energy demand.
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Lee TH, Cheng CN, Chao HC, Lee CH, Kuo CH, Tang SC, Jeng JS. Plasma ceramides are associated with outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:43-50. [PMID: 33504464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Sphingolipids are major constituents of eukaryotic cell membranes and play key roles in cellular regulatory processes. Our recent results in an experimental stroke animal model demonstrated changes in sphingolipids in response to acute ischemic brain injury. This study aimed to investigate the plasma levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramides in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients and their associations with functional outcomes. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from patients with AIS at <48 and 48-72 h post stroke and from nonstroke controls. The levels of S1P and ceramides with different fatty acyl chain lengths were measured by the ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). A poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≥2 at 3 months after AIS. RESULTS The results showed that S1P and very-long-chain ceramides were significantly decreased in AIS patients (n = 87; poor outcome, 56.3%) compared to nonstroke controls (n = 30). In contrast, long-chain ceramides were significantly increased in AIS patients. More importantly, higher levels of Cer(d18:1/18:0), Cer(d18:1/20:0), and Cer(d18:1/22:0) at 48-72 h were significantly associated with poor functional outcomes after adjusting for potential clinical confounders, including age, sex, hypertension, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at admission. CONCLUSION Our study supported the dynamic metabolism of sphingolipids after the occurrence of AIS. Ceramides could be potential prognostic markers for patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Heng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ning Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chun Chao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jiann-Shing Jeng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rashad S, Saigusa D, Yamazaki T, Matsumoto Y, Tomioka Y, Saito R, Uruno A, Niizuma K, Yamamoto M, Tominaga T. Metabolic basis of neuronal vulnerability to ischemia; an in vivo untargeted metabolomics approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6507. [PMID: 32300196 PMCID: PMC7162929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the root causes of neuronal vulnerability to ischemia is paramount to the development of new therapies for stroke. Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) leads to selective neuronal cell death in the CA1 sub-region of the hippocampus, while the neighboring CA3 sub-region is left largely intact. By studying factors pertaining to such selective vulnerability, we can develop therapies to enhance outcome after stroke. Using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analyzed temporal metabolomic changes in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas following tGCI in rats till the setting of neuronal apoptosis. 64 compounds in CA1 and 74 in CA3 were found to be enriched and statistically significant following tGCI. Pathway analysis showed that pyrimidine and purine metabolism pathways amongst several others to be enriched after tGCI in CA1 and CA3. Metabolomics analysis was able to capture very early changes following ischemia. We detected 6 metabolites to be upregulated and 6 to be downregulated 1 hour after tGCI in CA1 versus CA3. Several metabolites related to apoptosis and inflammation were differentially expressed in both regions after tGCI. We offer a new insight into the process of neuronal apoptosis, guided by metabolomic profiling that was not performed to such an extent previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Rashad
- Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan.,Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsumi Saito
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan.,Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Uruno
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan.,Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Niizuma
- Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan.,Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
Cardiac arrest remains a significant cause of death and disability throughout the world. However, as our understanding of cardiac arrest and resuscitation physiology has developed, new technologies are fundamentally altering our potential to improve survival and neurologic sequela. Some advances are relatively simple, requiring only alterations in current basic life support measures or integration with pre-hospital organization, whereas others, such as extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, require significant time and resource investments. When combined with consistent rescuer and patient-physiologic monitoring, these innovations allow an unprecedented capacity to personalize cardiac arrest resuscitation to patient-specific pathophysiology. However, as more extensive options are established, it can be difficult for providers to incorporate novel resuscitation techniques into a cardiac arrest protocol which can fit a wide variety of cases with varying complexity. This article will explore recent advances in our understanding of cardiac arrest physiology and resuscitation sciences, with particular focus on the metabolic phase after significant ischemia has been induced. To this end, we establish a practical consideration for providers seeking to integrate novel advances in cardiac arrest resuscitation into daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus E Kuschner
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Boulevard, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Lance B Becker
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Boulevard, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
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5
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Villamil-Ortiz JG, Arias-Londoño JD, Cardona-Gómez GP. Inverse Phosphatidylcholine/Phosphatidylinositol Levels as Peripheral Biomarkers and Phosphatidylcholine/Lysophosphatidylethanolamine-Phosphatidylserine as Hippocampal Indicator of Postischemic Cognitive Impairment in Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:989. [PMID: 30627084 PMCID: PMC6309919 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia is a transversal phenomenon in different kinds of neurodegenerative diseases involving acute and chronic brain alterations. Specifically, the role of phospholipids in the pathogenesis of dementia remains unknown. In the present study, we explored phospholipid profiles a month postischemia in cognitively impaired rats. The two-vessel occlusion (2-VO) model was used to generate brain parenchyma ischemia in adult male rats confirmed by alterations in myelin, endothelium, astrocytes and inflammation mediator. A lipidomic analysis was performed via mass spectrometry in the hippocampus and serum a month postischemia. We found decreases in phospholipids (PLs) associated with neurotransmission, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC 32:0, PC 34:2, PC 36:3, PC 36:4, and PC 42:1), and increases in PLs implied in membrane structure and signaling, such as lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE 18:1, 20:3, and 22:6) and phosphatidylserine (PS 38:4, 36:2, and 40:4), in the hippocampus. Complementarily, PC (PC 34:2, PC 34:3, PC 38:5, and PC 36:5) and ether-PC (ePC 34:1, 34:2, 36:2, 38:2, and 38:3) decreased, while Lyso-PC (LPC 18:0, 18:1, 20:4, 20:5, and LPC 22:6) and phosphatidylinositol (PI 36:2, 38:4, 38:5, and 40:5), as neurovascular state sensors, increased in the serum. Taken together, these data suggest inverse PC/LPC-PI levels as peripheral biomarkers and inverse PC/LPE-PS as a central indicator of postischemic cognitive impairment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Maria Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Javier Gustavo Villamil-Ortiz
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Kim HY, Spector AA. N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine: A neurotrophic and neuroprotective metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:34-44. [PMID: 29572109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide) is an endocannabinoid-like metabolite endogenously synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), the major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the brain. Although its biosynthetic mechanism has yet to be established, there is a closely linked relationship between the levels of synaptamide and its precursor DHA in the brain. Synaptamide at nanomolar concentrations promotes neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in developing neurons. Synaptamide also attenuates the lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory response and reduces the deleterious effects of ethanol on neurogenic differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). These actions are mediated by a specific target receptor of synaptamide GPR110 (ADGRF1), a G-protein coupled receptor that is highly expressed in NSCs and the brain during development. Synaptamide binding to GPR110 induces cAMP production and phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). This signaling pathway leads to the expression of neurogenic and synaptogenic genes and suppresses the expression of proinflammatory genes. The GPR110-dependent cellular effects of synaptamide are recapitulated in animal models, suggesting that synaptamide-derived mechanisms may have translational implications. The synaptamide bioactivity transmitted by newly deorphanized GPR110 provides a novel target for neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective control as well as new insight into mechanisms for DHA's beneficial effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States.
| | - Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, United States
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7
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Xu J, Tang L, Zhang Q, Wei J, Xian M, Zhao Y, Jia Q, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wu H, Yang H. Relative quantification of neuronal polar lipids by UPLC-MS reveals the brain protection mechanism of Danhong injection. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising results from clinical trials have fueled a growing acceptance of Danhong injection (DHI) as a Chinese Materia Medica standardized product for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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8
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Kim J, Yin T, Shinozaki K, Lampe JW, Becker LB. Potential of lysophosphatidylinositol as a prognostic indicator of cardiac arrest using a rat model. Biomarkers 2016; 22:755-763. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1265002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tai Yin
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Koichiro Shinozaki
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Joshua W. Lampe
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lance B. Becker
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Öz P, Saybaşılı H. In vitro detection of oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced neurodegeneration and pharmacological neuroprotection based on hippocampal stratum pyramidale width. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:196-204. [PMID: 27845243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is one of the most prominent risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The effects of oxygen and glucose depletion in hippocampal tissue due to ischemia can be mimicked in vitro using the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model. In this study, we applied OGD on acute rat hippocampal slices in order to design an elementary yet quantitative histological technique that compares the neuroprotective effects of (l)-carnitine to known neuroprotectors, such as the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-B receptor agonist baclofen. The level of neurodegeneration and the efficiency of pharmacological applications were estimated via stratum pyramidale width measurements in CA1 and CA3 regions of Nissl-stained 200-μm thick hippocampal slices. We demonstrated that (l)-carnitine is an effective pharmacological target against the neurodegeneration induced by in vitro ischemia in a narrow range of concentrations. Even though the effect of chemical neuroprotection was significant, full recovery was not achieved in the dose interval of 5-100μM. In addition to chemical applications, hypothermia was used as a physical neuroprotection against ischemia-related neurodegeneration. Our results showed that incubation of slices for 60min at 4°C provided the same level of neuroprotection as the most effective doses of memantine, baclofen, and (l)-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Öz
- Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center, Üsküdar University Central Campus, Altunizade Mah. Haluk Türksoy Sk. No:14 34662, Istanbul, Turkey; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi Üniversity Kandilli Campus, Kandilli Mah., 34684 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hale Saybaşılı
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi Üniversity Kandilli Campus, Kandilli Mah., 34684 Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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DHA-supplemented diet increases the survival of rats following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36545. [PMID: 27811958 PMCID: PMC5109906 DOI: 10.1038/srep36545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence illustrates the beneficial effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on cardiac arrest (CA) remain controversial in epidemiological studies and have not been reported in controlled animal studies. Here, we examined whether dietary DHA can improve survival, the most important endpoint in CA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups and received either a control diet or a DHA-supplemented diet for 7–8 weeks. Rats were then subjected to 20 min asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest followed by 30 min cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation. Rat survival was monitored for additional 3.5 h following resuscitation. In the control group, 1 of 9 rats survived for 4 h, whereas 6 of 9 rats survived in the DHA-treated group. Surviving rats in the DHA-treated group displayed moderately improved hemodynamics compared to rats in the control group 1 h after the start of resuscitation. Rats in the control group showed no sign of brain function whereas rats in the DHA-treated group had recurrent seizures and spontaneous respiration, suggesting dietary DHA also protects the brain. Overall, our study shows that dietary DHA significantly improves rat survival following 20 min of severe CA.
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Kim J, Lampe JW, Yin T, Shinozaki K, Becker LB. Phospholipid alterations in the brain and heart in a rat model of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:273-81. [PMID: 26160279 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) induces whole-body ischemia, causing damage to multiple organs. Ischemic damage to the brain is mainly responsible for patient mortality. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for brain damage is not understood. Prior studies have provided evidence that degradation of membrane phospholipids plays key roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The aim of this study is to correlate organ damage to phospholipid alterations following 30 min asphyxia-induced CA or CA followed by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) resuscitation using a rat model. Following 30 min CA and CPB resuscitation, rats showed no brain function, moderately compromised heart function, and died within a few hours; typical outcomes of severe CA. However, we did not find any significant change in the content or composition of phospholipids in either tissue following 30 min CA or CA followed by CPB resuscitation. We found a substantial increase in lysophosphatidylinositol in both tissues, and a small increase in lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine only in brain tissue following CA. CPB resuscitation significantly decreased lysophosphatidylinositol but did not alter the other lyso species. These results indicate that a decrease in phospholipids is not a cause of brain damage in CA or a characteristic of brain ischemia. However, a significant increase in lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine found only in the brain with more damage suggests that impaired phospholipid metabolism may be correlated with the severity of ischemia in CA. In addition, the unique response of lysophosphatidylinositol suggests that phosphatidylinositol metabolism is highly sensitive to cellular conditions altered by ischemia and resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 6023, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4399, USA.
| | - Joshua W Lampe
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 6023, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4399, USA
| | - Tai Yin
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 6023, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4399, USA
| | - Koichiro Shinozaki
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 6023, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4399, USA
| | - Lance B Becker
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 6023, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4399, USA
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