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Puspita RD, Rizal DM, Syarif RA, Sari IP. Role of COX-2 for Successful Embryo Implantation Process: A Mini-review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2023.9123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The endometrium undergoes a dynamic proliferation of cells and vascular tissue under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones. Implantation is an essential process in the development of pregnancy, where there is close contact between embryo and uterus, including supposition, adhesion, and invasion. The changes occur in the human endometrium, including endometrial secretion changes, blood vessels, and immune response, leading to the uterine receptivity period. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PG). It is known that Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a key role in the endometrium. COX-2 is essential for blastocyst implantation and decidualization. The deficiency of COX-2, but not COX-1, results in multiple female reproductive failures (including implantation defects). We reviewed the literature on COX-2 and embryonal implantation in the endometrium and its potential mechanisms that lead to physiological implantation. This review aims to identify the essential roles of COX-2 in the successful implantation process, especially in decidualization, implantation, and embryo growth. The regulation of COX-2 expression in endometrial cells is controlled by ovarian steroid hormones (progesterone and estrogen) through the ENaC pathway to regulate the phosphorylation CREB transcription factor. The presentation of COX-2 varies throughout the stage of embryo development.
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Krauss AHP, Toris CB. Antiglaucoma EP 2 Agonists: A Long Road That Led Somewhere. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:469-474. [PMID: 31329508 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For >2 decades, EP2 agonists have been the subject of antiglaucoma research and development by scientists in industry and academia around the world. The road has led to the recent approval of the first drug of this class. This article reviews the development of EP2 agonists from conception to clinical approval, discussing pharmacology, structure, biodistribution, therapeutics, and drug delivery. An extensive list of source references is provided for the reader's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Wang JW, Woodward DF, Martos JL, Cornell CL, Carling RW, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ. Multitargeting of selected prostanoid receptors provides agents with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages. FASEB J 2015; 30:394-404. [PMID: 26420849 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A polypharmacologic approach to prostanoid based anti-inflammatory therapeutics was undertaken in order to exploit both the anti- and proinflammatory properties attributed to the various prostanoid receptors. Multitargeting of selected prostanoid receptors yielded a prototype compound, compound 1 (AGN 211377), that antagonizes prostaglandin D2 receptors (DPs) DP1 (49) and DP2 (558), prostaglandin E2 receptors (EPs) EP1 (266) and EP4 (117), prostaglandin F2α receptor (FP) (61), and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) (11) while sparing EP2, EP3, and prostaglandin I2 receptors (IPs); Kb values (in nanomoles) are given in parentheses. Compound 1 evoked a pronounced inhibition of cytokine/chemokine secretion from lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α stimulated primary human macrophages. These cytokine/chemokines included cluster of designation 40 receptor (CD40), epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein 78 (ENA-78), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-8, IL-18, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2) (MCP-1), tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). In contrast, the inhibitory effects of most antagonists selective for a single receptor were modest or absent, and selective EP2 receptor blockade increased cytokine release in some instances. Compound 1 also showed clear superiority to the cyclooxygenase inhibitors diclofenac and rofecoxib. These findings reveal that blockade of multiple prostanoid receptors, with absent antagonism of EP2 and IP, may provide more effective anti-inflammatory activity than global suppression of prostanoid synthesis or highly selective prostanoid receptor blockade. These investigations demonstrate the first working example of prostanoid receptor polypharmacology for potentially safer and more effective anti-inflammatory therapeutics by blocking multiple proinflammatory receptors while sparing those with anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny W Wang
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David F Woodward
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jose L Martos
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clive L Cornell
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert W Carling
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Philip J Kingsley
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- *Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Incorporated, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Drug Discovery Department, Selcia Limited, Ongar, United Kingdom; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Syed NIH, Jones RL. Assessing the agonist profiles of the prostacyclin analogues treprostinil and naxaprostene, particularly their DP₁ activity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 95:19-29. [PMID: 25542069 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the inhibitory profiles of the prostacyclin analogues treprostinil and naxaprostene on several isolated smooth muscle preparations have been investigated. Treprostinil was an agonist for prostanoid DP1, EP2 and IP receptors, but not EP4 receptors; its DP1 potency was only 3-4 times less than PGD2 itself. Naxaprostene was much more selective for IP receptors and tended towards partial agonism. Treprostinil is a 13,14-dihydro analogue and the role of conformation around C12-15 in controlling agonist specificity is debated; the synthesis of new analogues is proposed and possible clinical usage discussed. In terms of selective prostanoid antagonists employed, BW-A868C/MK-0524 (DP1), ACA-23 (EP2) and GW-627368 (EP4) were found fit for purpose. However, the IP antagonist RO-1138452 was compromised by α1 and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile activity on rat tail artery and anti-muscarinic activity on mouse trachea. There is a need for IP receptor antagonists with better selectivity and higher affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawazish-i-Husain Syed
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Robert L Jones
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Diverse roles of prostaglandins in blastocyst implantation. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:968141. [PMID: 24616654 PMCID: PMC3925584 DOI: 10.1155/2014/968141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs), derivatives of arachidonic acid, play an indispensable role in embryo implantation. PGs have been reported to participate in the increase in vascular permeability, stromal decidualization, blastocyst growth and development, leukocyte recruitment, embryo transport, trophoblast invasion, and extracellular matrix remodeling during implantation. Deranged PGs syntheses and actions will result in implantation failure. This review summarizes up-to-date literatures on the role of PGs in blastocyst implantation which could provide a broad perspective to guide further research in this field.
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