The Association between Family Structure and Adolescent Smoking among Multicultural Students in Hawaii

Factors Influencing Smoking among Multicultural Adolescents

Since an increasing number of multicultural adolescents have started smoking in Korean society, it is necessary to check the smoking status among multicultural adolescents and provide differentiated smoking cessation education and awareness through intervention programs. This study examined the factors that influenced smoking among multicultural adolescents and identified interventions. This study was a cross-sectional survey. It used raw data from the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) of 2019. Of the 57,303 participants in the 15th KYRBS, 749 were multicultural adolescents, i.e., their fathers or mothers were not born in Korea. The factors affecting smoking among multicultural adolescents were determined using a composite sample multiple logistic regression analysis. The results of the composite sample multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that 41 (6.4%) participants were smokers, had low academic performance levels, drank alcohol, were sexually active, and were more likely to smoke with other adolescents. They were 15.79 times more likely to smoke while drinking than when not drinking. Educational and psychological interventions are needed to increase multicultural youth school adaptation and academic performance levels, reduce health risk behaviors (drinking and sexually active), and ultimately, lower the smoking rate.

Wahab K, Zulkifly MA, Azmi AD, Ahmad N. The relationship of lifetime substance-use disorder with family functioning, childhood victimisation, and depression, among juvenile offenders in Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

Adolescent substance use is a multifactorial social issue that leads to detrimental outcomes. The aim of this study is to understand the association of a lifetime history of substance abuse or dependence with family functioning, childhood victimisation, and depression, among adolescent male inmates in a juvenile detention centre in Malaysia.

METHODS

This study was cross-sectional involving 230 inmates and was conducted in a juvenile detention centre in Malaysia. The mean age of the participants was 16.65 years, with the highest percentage from the Malay ethnicity (87.8% where n = 202). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Involvement Scale (AADIS), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) IV and Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire Second Revision (JVQ-R2) were used as instruments.

RESULTS

The prevalence of a lifetime history of substance abuse and substance dependence is 72.6% and 58.3%, respectively. A lifetime history of substance abuse and dependence had a significant association with age, race, religion, and peer/sibling victimisation. Further analysis reveals that an increase in age can be a predictor of both lifetime history of substance abuse and dependence while peer/sibling victimisation may predict lifetime history of substance abuse. There was no significant association of lifetime substance-use disorder with family functioning and depression in the juvenile offenders.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents exposed to peer/sibling victimisation might be at a higher risk of developing a substance-use disorder. At-risk groups need to be identified, assessed, and have intervention early to prevent adverse outcomes.

The association between migration and smoke-free families: how do migrants from different world regions compare?

BACKGROUND

Studies on adolescent secondhand smoke exposure within the family often dichotomously operationalize migration background without paying attention to social and cultural diversity within migrant populations. As a result, little is known about variation within migrant groups in smoke-free family environments (SFFEs). This study analyses the association between SFFEs and parental migration from different world regions.

METHODS

Data from 14- to 16-year-old adolescents (N = 17 144) on SFFEs and parental migration were obtained from cross-sectional repeated SILNE-R surveys. A multivariable multinomial regression was applied, presenting relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for maternal or paternal tobacco smoking and home smoking bans. Variation in migration background was measured according to parental sex and place of birth.

RESULTS

Approximately 18% of adolescents are exposed to maternal smoking, and 25% are exposed to paternal smoking. Almost half of the respondents do not live in SFFEs but are subject to permissive (5%) or partial (39%) smoking bans at home. We found that adolescents of Eastern European descent are at a higher risk of being exposed to both paternal and maternal smoking. A sex difference in parental smoking was found among Arabic/Islamic migrants, where mothers are less likely to be smokers. Maternal and paternal African origins are associated with prohibitive smoking bans at home. Eastern European mothers show higher odds of permissiveness and freely allowing smoking at home.

CONCLUSION

Notable within-differences according to parental sex and place of birth were found for SFFEs and should be taken into account when implementing equity-sensitive tobacco prevention programs.

Social network determinants of alcohol and tobacco use: A qualitative study among out of school youth in South Africa

An important determinant of alcohol and tobacco use is the adolescent's social network, which has not been explored among out of school youth (OSY). OSY are adolescents not currently enrolled in school and have not completed their schooling. This study aims to qualitatively understand how OSY's social networks support or constrain alcohol and tobacco use. Respondent-driven sampling was used to select 41 OSY (aged 13-20 years) for individual in-depth interviews in a South African urban area. The data were analysed using content analysis. Smoking and drinking friends, family close in age to OSY that drank and smoked, and lack of parental support were associated with alcohol and tobacco use among OSY. Household norms, romantic partners and non-smoking or non-drinking friends were suggested to mitigate alcohol and tobacco use. Understanding how the social network of OSY plays a role in alcohol and tobacco use is useful for gaining an insight into the profile of OSY at risk for alcohol and tobacco use. Registration of OSY youth and community-based peer led programmes that include influential OSY family and friends could be beneficial.

Cigarette Smoking Among Secondary School-Going Male Adolescents in Malaysia: Findings From the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017

Smoking is a learned behavior during adolescence, and it is found predominantly among male adolescents in Malaysia. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictive factors of current cigarette smoking among school-going male adolescents in Malaysia. Data were derived from the National Health and Morbidity Survey: Adolescent Health Survey 2017, a cross-sectional study that utilized a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling to select a nationally representative sample of school-going adolescents in Malaysia (n = 27 497). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with current cigarette smoking among male adolescents in Malaysia. Male adolescents aged 16 to 17 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-1.70), current illicit drug users (AOR = 8.14; 95% CI = 6.37-10.41), current alcohol users (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.65-2.23), those from rural schools (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.46-1.76), those whose parents were widowed/divorced/separated (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.21-1.55), and those whose parents/guardians were tobacco product users (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.33-5.16) were more likely to be current cigarette smokers. Tobacco control strategies should be aimed at both adolescents at risk and at promoting parental smoking cessation.

Socioeconomic Trends in Adolescent Smoking in Finland From 2000 to 2015

PURPOSE

Smoking is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past decades, the prevalence of adolescent smoking has decreased in industrial countries. However, whether the decreasing trend can be seen across all socioeconomic groups is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine time trends in adolescent smoking according to the socioeconomic status among Finnish adolescents between 2000 and 2015.

METHODS

A population-based school survey was conducted biennially among 14- to 16-year-old Finns between 2000 and 2015 (n = 761,278). Distributions for frequent smoking, lifelong nonsmoking, and socioeconomic adversities (low parental education, not living with both parents and parental unemployment during the past year) were calculated. Associations were studied using binomial logistic regression results shown by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Frequent smoking was positively associated and lifelong nonsmoking was negatively associated with socioeconomic adversities. Over the study period, the overall prevalence of frequent smoking decreased and lifelong nonsmoking increased. However, no similar changes were observed among adolescents with most socioeconomic adversities.

CONCLUSION

Socioeconomic differences in adolescent smoking increased in Finland between 2000 and 2015. Although the overall prevalence of frequent smoking decreased, no similar decrease was observed among adolescents with most socioeconomic adversities. Similarly, although the overall prevalence of lifelong nonsmoking increased, this was not observed among adolescents with most socioeconomic adversities. Socioeconomic adversities should be considered in the prevention of adolescent smoking.

Intergenerational transmission of gender social norms and teenage smoking

This paper provides evidence of different teenage-smoking dynamics between genders with social progression. In particular, we find that descending from more gender-equal societies makes girls relatively more prone to smoke than those from less gender-equal societies relative to their male counterparts. Using data from over 6,000 second-generation immigrant teenagers sharing culture and institutions from one host country (Spain) but coming from 45 different countries of ancestry, we find that the higher the degree of gender equality in the country of ancestry, the higher the likelihood that girls smoke relative to boys. Our result holds even after we control for parental, sibling, and peer smoking, as well as for country-of-ancestry indicators of economic development and the smoking gender gap, among others.

Prevalence and determinants of smoking status among university students: Artvin Çoruh University sample

Background and aim

Smoking is still a public health concern in many countries, especially among young adults. Consequently, we determined what factors affect university students’ smoking behavior in Turkey.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2017 using a simple random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on participants’ (N = 2,505; mean age = 20.9 ± 2.5 years; 58.9% women) sociodemographic characteristics, cigarette smoking status, and related risk factors. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed with the Backward likelihood-ratio method.

Results

Students were completing either two- or four-year degrees (45.6% and 54.4%, respectively). Regarding familial smoking behavior, 36.1% had a father who smoked, 10.3% had a mother who smoked, and 15.0% had siblings who smoked. Among participants, 27.9% were current smokers: 46% of the men and 15.3% of the women. Mean smoking onset age was 16.34 ± 2.72 years (15.65 ± 2.67 years for men and 16.34 ± 2.72 for women (p < .05). Mean Fagerströmtest score was 4.43 ± 1.82, and women had lower test scores than did men (p < .05). After controlling for potential confounders in multivariate analyses, five factors were significantly positively associated with current smoking: being a man (odds ratio (OR): 3.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.75–4.28), studying in a two-year program (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.39–2.18), having at least one immediate family member who smoked (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.31–2.04), having all close friends who smoked (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.40–2.33), and alcohol consumption (OR: 4.39; 95% CI: 3.51–5.49).

Conclusion

There was a higher smoking rate among our study population, both compared to similar national studies and Turkey’s overall smoking rate. Underlying factors should be evaluated via qualitative studies and preventive strategies should be implemented accordingly.

Factors associated with different smoking status in European adolescents: results of the SEYLE study

Early onset and long-term smoking are associated with physical and psychological health problems. The aim of the presented analysis was to investigate risk and influencing factors for different smoking status in a big sample of European adolescents. In the context of the "saving and empowering young lives in Europe" (SEYLE) study we surveyed 12,328 adolescents at the age of 13-17 from 11 countries. The survey took place in a school-based context using a questionnaire. Overall 58% reported the onset of ever-smoking under the age of 14 and 30.9% smoke on a daily basis. Multinomial logistic regression model showed significant positive associations between adolescent smoking and internalizing problems (suicidal behavior, direct self-injurious behavior, anxiety), externalizing problems (conduct problems, hyperactivity, substance consumption) and family problems (parental substance consumption, broken home). Our data show that smoking among adolescents is still a major public health problem and adolescents who smoke are at higher risk for mental problems. Further, adolescent smoking is associated with broken home families and parental behaviors. Therefore, early preventive measures are necessary not only for adolescents, but also for their parents.