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Huang C, Memon AR, Yan J, Lin Y, Chen ST. The Associations of Active Travel to School With Physical Activity and Screen Time Among Adolescents: Do Individual and Parental Characteristics Matter? Front Public Health 2022; 9:719742. [PMID: 34976907 PMCID: PMC8714758 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.719742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship of active travel to school (ATS) with physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) by individual and parental characteristics among adolescents, especially in China. To address the research gap, this study aimed to explore the difference of sex, age, living environment, parental occupation and education level in the relationship of ATS with PA and ST among students of grades 7–12 (aged 10–18 years) using cross-sectional data. In 13 cities of Hubei province, China, students from 39 public schools were recruited to engage in the survey. In total, 5,898 students (response rate = 89.6%) were invited into this study. Participants were required to report their ATS (including its types), PA and ST as well as sociodemographic information using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were used to report the information of all variables. Regression models were used to analyse the relationships of ATS and its types with PA and ST. In a total of 4,128 participants (boys: 50.9%; younger adolescents: 61.9%) included in the final analysis, the proportion of those with ATS was 47.3%. Regarding the types of ATS, walking accounted for over 30%, while cycling was 13.2%. Participants with ATS were more likely to have sufficient PA (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.14–1.39), especially among boys, younger adolescents and those with lower parental education level. However, ATS was not associated with ST (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.86–1.01). Participants with cycling had a higher odds ratio of being physically active (OR for cycling = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.27–1.70; OR for walking = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06–1.32). The association of ATS types with PA and ST differed by gender, age, living environment and parental educational level as well as occupations. ATS may be a useful approach to increase PA among adolescents, but this should be explained by individual and parental characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Huang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aamir Raoof Memon
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, Pakistan
| | - Jin Yan
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Youliang Lin
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Tong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Xu F, Jin L, Qin Z, Chen X, Xu Z, He J, Wang Z, Ji W, Ren F, Du Q, Xiong Y, Jia P. Access to public transport and childhood obesity: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 1:e12987. [PMID: 32003139 PMCID: PMC7988561 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lack of access to public transport is generally considered to be a risk factor for childhood obesity by discouraging active transport and thus physical activity. To explore the association between access to public transport and childhood obesity, we have conducted a systematic literature search in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science for studies published before January 1, 2019. A total of 25 cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies conducted in 10 countries were identified. Inconsistent findings were identified arising from a great variety of sample characteristics, definitions of exposure (ie, access to public transport), and outcome variables (eg, obesity), and analysis methods. While over half of the studies showed null associations between access to public transport and childhood obesity, we have observed more positive than negative associations among the rest of the studies. These observations suggest that an increased level of access to public transport may have a health-promoting effect and hence prevent the development of childhood obesity. However, this conclusion needs to be further corroborated in future research on the basis of large-sample health surveys, in situ observations, and comparative analyses among different study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Qin
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhen Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Urban Economics, Nanjing Academy of Social Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Fu Ren
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China.,School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyun Du
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China.,School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqing Xiong
- Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China.,Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Jia P, Zou Y, Wu Z, Zhang D, Wu T, Smith M, Xiao Q. Street connectivity, physical activity, and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 1:e12943. [PMID: 31507068 PMCID: PMC7988624 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Street connectivity, as a neighbourhood built environmental factor, may affect individual physical activity (PA) and subsequently weight status. However, these associations remain inconclusive. This study aimed to systematically review the association between street connectivity and childhood obesity. A literature search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science for articles published before January 1, 2019. All original studies that investigated the association between street connectivity and weight-related behaviours or outcomes among children and adolescents were included. Forty-seven articles were identified, including eight longitudinal and 41 cross-sectional studies conducted in eight countries. The sample size ranged from 88 to 46 813. Street intersection density (SID), measured by Geographic Information Systems in 36 studies and reported in 13 studies, was the main indicator used to represent street connectivity. Forty-four studies examined the association between SID and weight-related behaviours, including overall PA (n = 15), moderate-to-vigorous PA (n = 13), active transport (n = 12), dog walking (n = 1), walking (n = 1), sedentary behaviours (n = 2), and TV viewing (n = 1). Fifteen studies focused on the association between SID and weight-related outcomes. Overall, evidence from this systematic review and meta-analyses suggested a positive association between street connectivity and PA. However, it was difficult to draw a conclusion on the association between street connectivity and BMI. More longitudinal evidence is needed to confirm the causal association between street connectivity and weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands
| | - Yuxuan Zou
- School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands.,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Melody Smith
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands.,School of Nursing, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qian Xiao
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), the Netherlands.,Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Macdonald L, McCrorie P, Nicholls N, Olsen JR. Active commute to school: does distance from school or walkability of the home neighbourhood matter? A national cross-sectional study of children aged 10-11 years, Scotland, UK. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e033628. [PMID: 31874893 PMCID: PMC7008418 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the extent to which home-to-school distance and neighbourhood walkability were associated with self-reported active travel to school (ATS) (eg, walking, cycling), and to explore how distance moderates the effect of walkability on ATS, among 10-11 years old. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data were collected between May 2015 and May 2016 in partnership with the Growing Up in Scotland Study, a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study. PARTICIPANTS 713 children (male (n=330) and female (n=383) 10-11 years old) from Studying Physical Activity in Children's Environments across Scotland. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Children who actively travelled to/from school categorised as active all (100% of ATS) and active 60%+ (at least 60% of ATS); home-to-school road/path network distance (<0.5 km, 0.5 to <1 km, 1 to <1.5 km, 1.5 to <2 km, 2 km+); home neighbourhood walkability (i.e., composite measure of road/path intersection density and dwelling density) (in quintiles). RESULTS Distance and walkability were both associated with ATS. The likelihood of ATS for all or most journeys decreased with increasing distance. Compared with 'most' walkable areas (Q1), the odds of active all were significantly lower within least walkable areas (Q5 OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.99), and odds of active 60%+ were significantly less in Q2-Q5 (lowest odds Q5 OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.47). Regarding walkability and distance interactions, for all distance categories, higher walkability increased the probability of ATS (for most school journeys). CONCLUSION Walkability was positively associated with ATS within all distance categories, with the relationship between walkability and ATS more complex than the clear-cut association between distance and ATS. A more walkable environment had a larger effect on the probability of reaching the 60% threshold of school journeys using ATS than the probability of always travelling in an active manner. Investment is needed in existing less walkable neighbourhoods to provide infrastructure to support opportunities for children's ATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macdonald
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul McCrorie
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natalie Nicholls
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan R Olsen
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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