Identification of Neonatal Infant Pain Assessment Tools as a Possibility of Their Application in Clinical Practice in Croatia: An Integrative Literature Review

Prolonged pain in premature neonates hospitalised in neonatal intensive care units: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Exposure to repetitive pain during the neonatal period has been shown to have important short and long-term effects on the neurodevelopment of the premature neonate and can contribute to experienced prolonged pain. A uniform taxonomy of neonatal prolonged pain is still lacking to this day which contributes to suboptimal prolonged pain management in neonatal intensive care units. Accordingly, a scoping review exploring the state of knowledge about prolonged pain in preterm neonates hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit will contribute to the developing field of neonatal prolonged pain and provide recommendations for clinical prolonged pain management.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the scope, extent, and nature of the available literature on prolonged pain in premature neonates hospitalised in neonatal intensive care units.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

METHODS

An electronic search was conducted from inception to November 2023 in the databases of CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, GeryLit.org and Grey Source Index. Included studies discussed concepts related to neonatal prolonged pain such as definitions of prolonged pain, indicators of prolonged pain, contexts that result in prolonged pain, prolonged pain evaluation tools, consequences of prolonged pain and interventions for prolonged pain management.

RESULTS

Key concepts of neonatal prolonged pain were identified in the 86 included articles of this scoping review such as definitions (n = 26), indicators (n = 39), contexts (n = 49), scales (n = 56), consequences of prolonged pain (n = 30) and possible interventions for prolonged pain management (n = 22). Whilst a consensus on a definition has yet to be achieved, no proximate event was shown to cause prolonged pain and a time criterion was identified by authors as being relevant in defining prolonged pain. Interestingly, the context of hospitalisation was identified as being the most indicative of prolonged pain in premature neonates and should guide its evaluation and management, whilst only limited pain management interventions and consequences were discussed.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this scoping review contribute to the foundation of growing knowledge in neonatal prolonged pain and shed light on the ambiguity that currently exists on this topic in the scientific literature. This review summarises knowledge of key concepts necessary for a better understanding of prolonged pain and stresses the importance of considering contexts of hospitalisation for prolonged pain evaluation and management in neonatal intensive care units, with the objective of improving developmental outcomes of premature neonates.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

A scoping review reveals that the contexts of prolonged pain in premature neonates hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care unit are essential in guiding its evaluation and management.

Investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Neonatal Pain, agitation, and sedation scale

BACKGROUND

The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N-PASS) is a tool that, in addition to assessing pain, also considers the level of sedation in infants. This study aimed to translate and determine the psychometric properties of pain and sedation parts of the N-PASS in neonates.

METHODS

Two evaluators observed 70 non-intubated and 30 intubated infants admitted to the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit. Totally, 1000 observations were done to assess discriminant and criterion validity, internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability.

RESULTS

The discriminant validity of both the sedation and pain parts of the Persian version of N-PASS (PN-PASS) was confirmed by significantly increasing the pain score during the painful procedures compared to the rest time. The criterion validity of the PN-PASS was approved by the high correlation (r = 0.85) between the Premature Infant Pain Profile and the PN-PASS. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the two evaluators was in the range of r = 0.71-0.92, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient during non-painful and painful procedures was in the range of α = 0.57 and α = 0.86.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that the Persian version of N-PASS is valid and reliable in assessing pain and sedation in term and preterm infants. There were an increase in some items' scores is more related to the mechanism of the procedures than to the painful nature of the stimuli.