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Luo D, Yu C, Yu J, Su C, Li S, Liang P. p53-mediated G1 arrest requires the induction of both p21 and Killin in human colon cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2021; 21:140-151. [PMID: 34878965 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2014249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main biological function of the tumor suppressor p53 is to control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Among the p53 target genes, p21 has been identified as a key player in p53-mediated G1 arrest, while Killin, via its high DNA binding affinity, has been implicated in S and G2/M arrest. However, whether Killin is involved in G1 arrest remains unclear. This research aimed to explore the role of Killin in p53-mediated G1 arrest. Knockout of killin in human colorectal cells led to a dramatic decrease in p53-mediated G1 arrest upon DNA damage. Moreover, double knockout of killin and p21 completely abolished G1 arrest, similar to that of p53 knockout cells. We further showed that Killin could upregulate p21 protein expression independent of p53 via ubiquitination pathways. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that Killin may directly bind to proteasome subunits, thereby disrupting proteasomal degradation of p21. Together, these results demonstrate that Killin is involved in multiple cell cycle checkpoint controls, including p53-mediated G1 arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chune Yu
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Su
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Redox-responsive polymer inhibits macrophages uptake for effective intracellular gene delivery and enhanced cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 175:392-402. [PMID: 30554018 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced gene delivery carriers with stimuli-responsive release manner for tumor therapeutics is desirable, since they can exclusively release the therapeutic gene via their structural changes in response to the specific stimuli of the target site. Moreover, interactions between macrophages and drug delivery systems (DDSs) seriously impair the treatment efficiency of DDSs, thus macrophages uptake inhibition would to some extent improve the intracellular uptake of DDSs in tumor cells. Herein, a PEGylated redox-responsive gene delivery system was developed for effective cancer therapy. PEG modified glycolipid-like polymer (P-CSSO) was electrostatic interacted with p53 to form P-CSSO/p53 complexes, which exhibited an enhanced redox sensitivity in that the disulfide bond was degraded and the rate the plasmid released from P-CSSO was 2.29-fold that of nonresponsive platform (P-CSO-SA) in 10 mM levels of glutathione (GSH). PEGylation could significantly weaken macrophages uptake, while enhance the accumulation of P-CSSO in tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Compared with nonresponsive complexes (P-CSO-SA/p53) (59.2%) and Lipofectamine™ 2000/p53 complexes (52.0%), the tumor inhibition rate of P-CSSO/p53 complexes (77.1%) significantly increased, which was higher than CSSO/p53 complexes (69.9%). The present study indicates that tumor microenvironment sensitive and macrophages uptake suppressive P-CSSO/p53 is a powerful in vivo gene delivery system for enhanced anticancer therapy.
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