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Soytürk H, Önal C, Kılıç Ü, Türkoğlu ŞA, Ayaz E. The effect of the HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in patients with idiopathic epilepsy and its relationship with toxoplasmosis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18542. [PMID: 39046369 PMCID: PMC11267981 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between toxoplasmosis and this pathway, which may be effective in the formation of epilepsy by acting through the HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in patients with idiopathic epilepsy. In the study, four different experimental groups were formed by selecting Toxoplasma gondii IgG positive and negative patients with idiopathic epilepsy and healthy controls. Experimental groups were as follows: Group 1: Epilepsy+/Toxo- (E+, T-) (n = 10), Group 2: Epilepsy-/Toxo- (E-, T-) (n = 10), Group 3: Epilepsy-/Toxo+ (E-, T+) (n = 10), Group 4: Epilepsy+/Toxo+ (E+, T+) (n = 10). HMGB1, RAGE, TLR4, TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, IRAK1, IRAK2, IKBKB, IKBKG, BCL3, IL1β, IL10, 1 L8 and TNFα mRNA expression levels in the HMGB/RAGE/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway were determined by quantitative simultaneous PCR (qRT-PCR) after collecting blood samples from all patients in the groups. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post-hoc tests, and p < 0.05 was considered to denote statistical significance. The gene expression levels of HMGB1, TLR4, IL10, IL1B, IL8, and TLR2 were significantly higher in the G1 group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In the G3 group, RAGE and BCL3 gene expression levels were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In the G4 group, however, IRAK2, IKBKB, and IKBKG gene expression levels were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). HMGB1, TLR4, IRAK2, IKBKB, IL10, IL1B, IL1B, and IL8 in this signalling pathway are highly expressed in epilepsy patients in G1 and seizures occur with the stimulation of excitatory mechanisms by acting through this pathway. The signalling pathway in epilepsy may be activated by HMGB1, TLR4, and TLR2, which are considered to increase the level of proinflammatory cytokines. In T. gondii, this pathway is activated by RAGE and BCL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Soytürk
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Institute of Graduate Studies Interdisciplinary NeuroscienceBoluTurkey
| | - Cansu Önal
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityDepartment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of ScienceZonguldakTurkey
| | - Ümit Kılıç
- Duzce University Vocational School of Health ServicesDuzceTurkey
| | - Şule Aydın Türkoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of MedicineBolu Abant Izzet Baysal UniversityBoluTurkey
| | - Erol Ayaz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MedicineBolu Abant Izzet Baysal UniversityBoluTurkey
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2
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Shen Y, Gong Y, Da X, Gao S, Zhang S, Sun M, Yang Y, Qiu X, Li M, Zheng Y, Fei F, Wang Y, Chen Z, Xu C. Low-frequency Stimulation at the Subiculum Prevents Extensive Secondary Epileptogenesis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:564-576. [PMID: 38244139 PMCID: PMC11127896 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary epileptogenesis is characterized by increased epileptic susceptibility and a tendency to generate epileptiform activities outside the primary focus. It is one of the major resultants of pharmacoresistance and failure of surgical outcomes in epilepsy, but still lacks effective treatments. Here, we aimed to test the effects of low-frequency stimulation (LFS) at the subiculum for secondary epileptogenesis in a mouse model. Here, secondary epileptogenesis was simulated at regions both contralateral and ipsilateral to the primary focus by applying successive kindling stimuli. Mice kindled at the right CA3 showed higher seizure susceptibilities at both the contralateral CA3 and the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex and had accelerated kindling processes compared with naive mice. LFS at the ipsilateral subiculum during the primary kindling progress at the right CA3 effectively prevented secondary epileptogenesis at both the contralateral CA3 and the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex, characterized by decreased seizure susceptibilities and a retarded kindling process at those secondary foci. Only application along with the primary epileptogenesis was effective. Notably, the effects of LFS on secondary epileptogenesis were associated with its inhibitory effect at the secondary focus through interfering with the enhancement of synaptic connections between the primary and secondary foci. These results imply that LFS at the subiculum is an effective preventive strategy for extensive secondary epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy and present the subiculum as a target with potential translational importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Da
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shajing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Minjuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yuanzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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3
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Rahimi S, Salami P, Matulewicz P, Schmuck A, Bukovac A, Ramos-Prats A, Tasan RO, Drexel M. The role of subicular VIP-expressing interneurons on seizure dynamics in the intrahippocampal kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114580. [PMID: 37884187 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The subiculum, a key output region of the hippocampus, is increasingly recognized as playing a crucial role in seizure initiation and spread. The subiculum consists of glutamatergic pyramidal cells, which show alterations in intrinsic excitability in the course of epilepsy, and multiple types of GABAergic interneurons, which exhibit varying characteristics in epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of the vasoactive intestinal peptide interneurons (VIP-INs) of the ventral subiculum in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. We observed that an anatomically restricted inhibition of VIP-INs of the ventral subiculum was sufficient to reduce seizures in the intrahippocampal kainic acid model of epilepsy, changing the circadian rhythm of seizures, emphasizing the critical role of this small cell population in modulating TLE. As we expected, permanent unilateral or bilateral silencing of VIP-INs of the ventral subiculum in non-epileptic animals did not induce seizures or epileptiform activity. Interestingly, transient activation of VIP-INs of the ventral subiculum was enough to increase the frequency of seizures in the acute seizure model. Our results offer new perspectives on the crucial involvement of VIP-INs of the ventral subiculum in the pathophysiology of TLE. Given the observed predominant disinhibitory role of the VIP-INs input in subicular microcircuits, modifications of this input could be considered in the development of therapeutic strategies to improve seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pariya Salami
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pawel Matulewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Schmuck
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anneliese Bukovac
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arnau Ramos-Prats
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ramon Osman Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Meinrad Drexel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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4
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Zeng C, Li Y, Deng H, Luo X, Xiao R, Zhang C, Yang H. Asymmetry of brain development in adolescent rats studied by 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroreport 2023; 34:741-747. [PMID: 37556595 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
To study the developmental patterns of brain structure in adolescent rats based on the registration with the SIGMA template by 3.0T MRI. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the four groups underwent 3.0 T MRI head scans at 7, 11, 15, and 19 weeks of age, respectively. The voxel-based morphological analysis of the rat brain was performed by coregistration with the SIGMA rat brain template. 3.0 T MRI can be used to study the anatomical structure of the rat brain by registration with the SIGMA template The gray matter volume of the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral entorhinal cortex increased significantly in the development of the rat from 7 to 19 weeks of age. In this period, the subtle structure of the rat brain is asymmetrically developed. The rat aged 7-19 weeks has asymmetrical gray matter volume development in the bilateral entorhinal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Yehan Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Ruhui Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Hanfeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
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5
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Wang Y, Liu M, Wang Q. Subicular circuit in epilepsy: deconstruct heterogeneity for precise therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1202372. [PMID: 37383101 PMCID: PMC10293612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1202372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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6
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Zhang F, Yang Y, Xin Y, Sun Y, Wang C, Zhu J, Tang T, Zhang J, Xu K. Efficacy of different strategies of responsive neurostimulation on seizure control and their association with acute neurophysiological effects in rats. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 143:109212. [PMID: 37172446 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) has shown promising but limited efficacy in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. The clinical utility of RNS is hindered by the incomplete understanding of the mechanism behind its therapeutic effects. Thus, assessing the acute effects of responsive stimulation (AERS) based on intracranial EEG recordings in the temporal lobe epilepsy rat model may provide a better understanding of the potential therapeutic mechanisms underlying the antiepileptic effect of RNS. Furthermore, clarifying the correlation between AERS and seizure severity may help guide the optimization of RNS parameter settings. In this study, RNS with high (130 Hz) and low frequencies (5 Hz) was applied to the subiculum (SUB) and CA1. To quantify the changes induced by RNS, we calculated the AERS during synchronization by Granger causality and analyzed the band power ratio in the classic power band after different stimulations were delivered in the interictal and seizure onset periods, respectively. This demonstrates that only targets combined with an appropriate stimulation frequency could be efficient for seizure control. High-frequency stimulation of CA1 significantly shortened the ongoing seizure duration, which may be causally related to increased synchronization after stimulation. Both high-frequency stimulation of the CA1 and low-frequency stimulation delivered to the SUB reduced seizure frequency, and the reduced seizure risk may correlate with the change in power ratio near the theta band. It indicated that different stimulations may control seizures in diverse manners, perhaps with disparate mechanisms. More focus should be placed on understanding the correlation between seizure severity and synchronization and rhythm around theta bands to simplify the process of parameter optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufang Yang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Xin
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junming Zhu
- The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kedi Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Fei F, Wang X, Xu C, Shi J, Gong Y, Cheng H, Lai N, Ruan Y, Ding Y, Wang S, Chen Z, Wang Y. Discrete subicular circuits control generalization of hippocampal seizures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5010. [PMID: 36008421 PMCID: PMC9411516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered a circuit-level dysfunction associated with imbalanced excitation-inhibition, it is therapeutically necessary to identify key brain regions and related circuits in epilepsy. The subiculum is an essential participant in epileptic seizures, but the circuit mechanism underlying its role remains largely elusive. Here we deconstruct the diversity of subicular circuits in a mouse model of epilepsy. We find that excitatory subicular pyramidal neurons heterogeneously control the generalization of hippocampal seizures by projecting to different downstream regions. Notably, anterior thalamus-projecting subicular neurons bidirectionally mediate seizures, while entorhinal cortex-projecting subicular neurons act oppositely in seizure modulation. These two subpopulations are structurally and functionally dissociable. An intrinsically enhanced hyperpolarization-activated current and robust bursting intensity in anterior thalamus-projecting neurons facilitate synaptic transmission, thus contributing to the generalization of hippocampal seizures. These results demonstrate that subicular circuits have diverse roles in epilepsy, suggesting the necessity to precisely target specific subicular circuits for effective treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaying Shi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanxi Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeping Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China. .,Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China. .,Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Shen Y, Gong Y, Ruan Y, Chen Z, Xu C. Secondary Epileptogenesis: Common to See, but Possible to Treat? Front Neurol 2021; 12:747372. [PMID: 34938259 PMCID: PMC8686764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.747372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary epileptogenesis is a common phenomenon in epilepsy, characterized by epileptiform discharges from the regions outside the primary focus. It is one of the major reasons for pharmacoresistance and surgical failure. Compared with primary epileptogenesis, the mechanism of secondary epileptogenesis is usually more complex and diverse. In this review, we aim to summarize the characteristics of secondary epileptogenesis from both clinical and laboratory studies in a historical view. Mechanisms of secondary epileptogenesis in molecular, cellular, and circuity levels are further presented. Potential treatments targeting the process are discussed as well. At last, we highlight the importance of circuitry studies, which would further illustrate precise treatments of secondary epileptogenesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeping Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Xu C, Zhang S, Gong Y, Nao J, Shen Y, Tan B, Xu S, Cui S, Ruan Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen Z. Subicular Caspase-1 Contributes to Pharmacoresistance in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:377-390. [PMID: 34288031 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unidentified mechanisms largely restrict the viability of effective therapies in pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Our previous study revealed that hyperactivity of the subiculum is crucial for the genesis of pharmacoresistance in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. METHODS Here, we examined the role of subicular caspase-1, a key neural pro-inflammatory enzyme, in pharmacoresistant TLE. RESULTS We found that the expression of activated caspase-1 in the subiculum, but not the CA1, was upregulated in pharmacoresistant amygdaloid-kindled rats. Early overexpression of caspase-1 in the subiculum was sufficient to induce pharmacoresistant TLE in rats, whereas genetic ablation of caspase-1 interfered with the genesis of pharmacoresistant TLE in both kindled rats and kainic acid-treated mice. The pro-pharmacoresistance effect of subicular caspase-1 was mediated by its downstream inflammasome-dependent interleukin-1β. Further electrophysiological results showed that inhibiting caspase-1 decreased the excitability of subicular pyramidal neurons through influencing the excitation/inhibition balance of presynaptic input. Importantly, a small molecular caspase-1 inhibitor CZL80 attenuated seizures in pharmacoresistant TLE models, and decreased the neuronal excitability in the brain slices obtained from patients with pharmacoresistant TLE. INTERPRETATION These results support the subicular caspase-1-interleukin-1β inflammatory pathway as a novel alternative mechanism hypothesis for pharmacoresistant TLE, and present caspase-1 as a potential target. ANN NEUROL 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Nao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Shen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuheng Xu
- Department of Pharmachemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Department of Pharmachemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeping Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
AbstractEpilepsy is a common neurological disease caused by synchronous firing of hyperexcitable neurons. Currently, anti-epileptic drugs remain the main choice to control seizure, but 30% of patients are resistant to the drugs, which calls for more research on new promising targets. Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the development of epilepsy. As an important inflammatory factor, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) has shown elevated expression and an increased proportion of translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in patients with epilepsy and in multiple animal models of epilepsy. HMGB1 can act on downstream receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products, thereby activating interleukin (IL)-1β and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), which in turn act with glutamate receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to aggravate hyperexcitability and epilepsy. The hyperexcitability can in turn stimulate the expression and translocation of HMGB1. Blocking HMGB1 and its downstream signaling pathways may be a direction for antiepileptic drug therapy. Here, we review the changes of HMGB1-related pathway in epileptic brains and its role in the modulation of neuronal excitability and epileptic seizure. Furthermore, we discuss the potentials of HMGB1 as a therapeutic target for epilepsy and provide perspective on future research on the role of HMGB1 signaling in epilepsy.
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Wang Y, Tan B, Wang Y, Chen Z. Cholinergic Signaling, Neural Excitability, and Epilepsy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082258. [PMID: 33924731 PMCID: PMC8070422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures with neuronal hyperexcitability. Apart from the classical imbalance between excitatory glutamatergic transmission and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic transmission, cumulative evidence suggest that cholinergic signaling is crucially involved in the modulation of neural excitability and epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the distribution of cholinergic neurons, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system and their relationship with neural excitability. Then, we summarize the findings from experimental and clinical research on the role of cholinergic signaling in epilepsy. Furthermore, we provide some perspectives on future investigation to reveal the precise role of the cholinergic system in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.W.); (B.T.)
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-5718-661-8660 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (Y.W.); (B.T.)
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-5718-661-8660 (Z.C.)
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