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Masiewicz E, Ullah F, Mieloch A, Godlewski J, Kruk D. Dynamical properties of solid and hydrated collagen: Insight from nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:165101. [PMID: 38656443 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
1H spin-lattice Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry experiments have been performed for collagen and collagen-based artificial tissues in the frequency range of 10 kHz-20 MHz. The studies were performed for non-hydrated and hydrated materials. The relaxation data have been interpreted as including relaxation contributions originating from 1H-1H and 1H-14N dipole-dipole interactions, the latter leading to Quadrupole Relaxation Enhancement effects. The 1H-1H relaxation contributions have been decomposed into terms associated with dynamical processes on different time scales. A comparison of the parameters for the non-hydrated and hydrated systems has shown that hydration leads to a decrease in the dipolar relaxation constants without significantly affecting the dynamical processes. In the next step, the relaxation data for the hydrated systems were interpreted in terms of a model assuming two-dimensional translational diffusion of water molecules in the vicinity of the macromolecular surfaces and a sub-diffusive motion leading to a power law of the frequency dependencies of the relaxation rates. It was found that the water diffusion process is slowed down by at least two orders of magnitude compared to bulk water diffusion. The frequency dependencies of the relaxation rates in hydrated tissues and hydrated collagen are characterized by different power laws (ωH-β, where ωH denotes the 1H resonance frequency): the first of about 0.4 and the second close to unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mieloch
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Janusz Godlewski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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2
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Leal Auccaise AC, Masiewicz E, Kolodziejski K, Kruk D. Dynamic of binary molecular systems-Advantages and limitations of NMR relaxometry. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144116. [PMID: 38606737 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
1H spin-lattice relaxation studies have been performed for binary systems, including glycerol as the first component and alanine, glycine, and aspartic acid (with different levels of deuteration) as the second one. The relaxation studies have been performed in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 MHz vs temperature. A theoretical framework, including all relevant 1H-1H and 1H-2H relaxation pathways, has been formulated. The theory has been exploited for a thorough interpretation of a large set of the experimental data. The importance of the 1H-2H relaxation contributions has been discussed, and the possibility of revealing dynamical properties of individual liquid components in binary liquids has been carefully investigated. As far as the dynamical properties of the specific binary liquids, chosen as an example, are considered, it has been shown that in the presence of the second component (alanine, glycine, and aspartic acid), both molecular fractions undergo dynamics similar to that of glycerol in bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Consuelo Leal Auccaise
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karol Kolodziejski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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3
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Champion C, Lehner M, Smith AA, Ferrage F, Bolik-Coulon N, Riniker S. Unraveling motion in proteins by combining NMR relaxometry and molecular dynamics simulations: A case study on ubiquitin. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:104105. [PMID: 38465679 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation experiments shine light onto the dynamics of molecular systems in the picosecond to millisecond timescales. As these methods cannot provide an atomically resolved view of the motion of atoms, functional groups, or domains giving rise to such signals, relaxation techniques have been combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to obtain mechanistic descriptions and gain insights into the functional role of side chain or domain motion. In this work, we present a comparison of five computational methods that permit the joint analysis of MD simulations and NMR relaxation experiments. We discuss their relative strengths and areas of applicability and demonstrate how they may be utilized to interpret the dynamics in MD simulations with the small protein ubiquitin as a test system. We focus on the aliphatic side chains given the rigidity of the backbone of this protein. We find encouraging agreement between experiment, Markov state models built in the χ1/χ2 rotamer space of isoleucine residues, explicit rotamer jump models, and a decomposition of the motion using ROMANCE. These methods allow us to ascribe the dynamics to specific rotamer jumps. Simulations with eight different combinations of force field and water model highlight how the different metrics may be employed to pinpoint force field deficiencies. Furthermore, the presented comparison offers a perspective on the utility of NMR relaxation to serve as validation data for the prediction of kinetics by state-of-the-art biomolecular force fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candide Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lehner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Albert A Smith
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabien Ferrage
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bolik-Coulon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sereina Riniker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Stankiewicz A, Kasparek A, Masiewicz E, Kruk D. Diffusion of Water Molecules on the Surface of Silica Nanoparticles─Insights from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1535-1543. [PMID: 38295281 PMCID: PMC10875636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
1H spin-lattice nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation experiments have been performed for water dispersions of functionalized silica nanoparticles of diameters of 25 and 45 nm. The experiments have been performed in a broad frequency range spanning 3 orders of magnitude, from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, versus temperature, from 313 to 263 K. On the basis of the data, two-dimensional translation diffusion (diffusion close to the nanoparticle surface within a layer of the order of a few diameters of water molecules) has been revealed. The translational correlation times as well as the residence life times on the nanoparticle surface have been determined. It has turned out that the residence lifetime is temperature-independent and is on the order of 5 × 10-6 s for the smaller nanoparticles and by about a factor of 3 longer for the larger ones. The translational correlation time for the case of 25 nm nanoparticles is also temperature-independent and yields about 6 × 10-7 s, while for the dispersion of the larger nanoparticles, the correlation times changed from about 8 × 10-7 s at 313 K to about 1.2 × 10-6 s at 263 K. In addition to the quantitative characterization of the two-dimensional translation diffusion, correlation times associated with bound water molecules have been determined. The studies have also given insights into the population of the bound and diffusing water on the surface water fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stankiewicz
- Department of Physics and
Biophysics, University of Warmia & Mazury
in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Kasparek
- Department of Physics and
Biophysics, University of Warmia & Mazury
in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Masiewicz
- Department of Physics and
Biophysics, University of Warmia & Mazury
in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Department of Physics and
Biophysics, University of Warmia & Mazury
in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Nucera A, Platas-Iglesias C, Carniato F, Botta M. Effect of hydration equilibria on the relaxometric properties of Gd(III) complexes: new insights into old systems. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17229-17241. [PMID: 37955945 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed relaxometric and computational investigation of three Gd(III) complexes that exist in solution as an equilibrium of two species with a different number of coordinated water molecules: [Gd(H2O)q]3+ (q = 8, 9), [Gd(EDTA)(H2O)q]- and [Gd(CDTA)(H2O)q]- (q = 2, 3). 1H nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) data were recorded from aqueous solutions of these complexes using a wide Larmor frequency range (0.01-500 MHz). These data were complemented with 17O transverse relaxation rates and chemical shifts recorded at different temperatures. The simultaneous fit of the NMRD and 17O NMR data was guided by computational studies performed at the DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2 levels, which provided information on Gd⋯H distances, 17O hyperfine coupling constants and the zero-field splitting (ZFS) energy, which affects electronic relaxation. The hydration equilibrium did not have a very important effect in the fits of the experimental data for [Gd(H2O)q]3+ and [Gd(CDTA)(H2O)q]-, as the hydration equilibrium is largely shifted to the species with the lowest hydration number (q = 8 and 2, respectively). The quality of the analysis improves however considerably for [Gd(EDTA)(H2O)q]- upon considering the effect of the hydration equilibrium. As a result, this study provides for the first time an analysis of the relaxation properties of this important model system, as well as accurate parameters for [Gd(H2O)q]3+ and [Gd(CDTA)(H2O)q]-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nucera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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Grazia Concilio M, Frydman L. Steady state effects introduced by local relaxation modes on J-driven DNP-enhanced NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 355:107542. [PMID: 37672989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
One of solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)'s main weaknesses, is its relative insensitivity. J-driven Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (JDNP) was recently proposed for enhancing solution-state NMR's sensitivity, by bypassing the limitations faced by conventional Overhauser DNP (ODNP), at the high magnetic fields where most analytical research is performed. By relying on biradicals with inter-electron exchange couplings Jex on the order of the electron Larmor frequency ωE, JDNP was predicted to introduce a transient enhancement in NMR's nuclear polarization at high magnetic fields, and for a wide range of rotational correlation times of medium-sized molecules in conventional solvents. This communication revisits the JDNP proposal, including additional effects and conditions that were not considered in the original treatment. These include relaxation mechanisms arising from local vibrational modes that often dominate electron relaxation in organic radicals, as well as the possibility of using biradicals with Jex of the order of the nuclear Larmor frequency ωN as potential polarizing agents. The presence of these new relaxation effects lead to variations in the JDNP polarization mechanism originally proposed, and indicate that triplet-to-singlet cross-relaxation processes may lead to a nuclear polarization enhancement that persists even at steady states. The physics and potential limitations of the ensuing theoretical derivations, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Concilio
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Pham P, Hilty C. Biomolecular interactions studied by low-field NMR using SABRE hyperpolarization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10258-10263. [PMID: 37772094 PMCID: PMC10530938 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that low-field nuclear magnetic resonance provides a means for measuring biomacromolecular interactions without requiring a superconducting, or even a permanent magnet. A small molecule, 5-fluoropyridine-3-carboximidamide, is designed to be a specific ligand for the trypsin protein, while containing a fluorine atom as a nuclear spin hyperpolarizable label. With hyperpolarization by the parahydrogen based signal amplification by the reversible exchange method, fluorine NMR signals are detectable in the measurement field of 0.85 mT of an electromagnet, at a concentration of less than 100 μM. As a weak ligand for the protein, the hyperpolarized molecule can serve as a reporter for measuring the binding of other ligands of interest, illustrated by the determination of the dissociation constant KD of benzamidine from changes in the observed R2 relaxation rates. A signal enhancement of more than 106 compared to Boltzmann polarization at the measurement field indicates that this experiment is not feasible without prepolarization. The extended magnetic field range for the measurement of biomolecular interactions under near physiological conditions, with a protein concentration on the order of 10 μM or less, provides a new option for screening of ligand binding, measurement of protein-protein interactions, and measurement of molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
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8
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Alcicek S, Put P, Kubrak A, Alcicek FC, Barskiy D, Gloeggler S, Dybas J, Pustelny S. Zero- to low-field relaxometry of chemical and biological fluids. Commun Chem 2023; 6:165. [PMID: 37542142 PMCID: PMC10403525 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry is an analytical method that provides information about molecular environments, even for NMR "silent" molecules (spin-0), by analyzing the properties of NMR signals versus the magnitude of the longitudinal field. Conventionally, this technique is performed at fields much higher than Earth's magnetic field, but our work focuses on NMR relaxometry at zero and ultra-low magnetic fields (ZULFs). Operating under such conditions allows us to investigate slow (bio)chemical processes occurring on a timescale from milliseconds to seconds, which coincide with spin evolution. ZULFs also minimize T2 line broadening in heterogeneous samples resulting from magnetic susceptibility. Here, we use ZULF NMR relaxometry to analyze (bio)chemical compounds containing 1H-13C, 1H-15N, and 1H-31P spin pairs. We also detected high-quality ULF NMR spectra of human whole-blood at 0.8 μT, despite a shortening of spin relaxation by blood proteomes (e.g., hemoglobin). Information on proton relaxation times of blood, a potential early biomarker of inflammation, can be acquired in under a minute using inexpensive, portable/small-size NMR spectrometers based on atomic magnetometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Alcicek
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Institute of Neuroradiology, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute of Physics Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Put
- Institute of Physics Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Kubrak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fatih Celal Alcicek
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danila Barskiy
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Gloeggler
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Pustelny
- Institute of Physics Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
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9
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Cerofolini L, Vasa K, Bianconi E, Salobehaj M, Cappelli G, Bonciani A, Licciardi G, Pérez-Ràfols A, Padilla-Cortés L, Antonacci S, Rizzo D, Ravera E, Viglianisi C, Calderone V, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Macchiarulo A, Menichetti S, Fragai M. Combining Solid-State NMR with Structural and Biophysical Techniques to Design Challenging Protein-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303202. [PMID: 37276329 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several protein-drug conjugates are currently being used in cancer therapy. These conjugates rely on cytotoxic organic compounds that are covalently attached to the carrier proteins or that interact with them via non-covalent interactions. Human transthyretin (TTR), a physiological protein, has already been identified as a possible carrier protein for the delivery of cytotoxic drugs. Here we show the structure-guided development of a new stable cytotoxic molecule based on a known strong binder of TTR and a well-established anticancer drug. This example is used to demonstrate the importance of the integration of multiple biophysical and structural techniques, encompassing microscale thermophoresis, X-ray crystallography and NMR. In particular, we show that solid-state NMR has the ability to reveal effects caused by ligand binding which are more easily relatable to structural and dynamical alterations that impact the stability of macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Kristian Vasa
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti n.48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Salobehaj
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giulia Cappelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alice Bonciani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giulia Licciardi
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Pérez-Ràfols
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Giotto Biotech s.r.l, Sesto Fiorentino, Via della Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Luis Padilla-Cortés
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Antonacci
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Viglianisi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Vito Calderone
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Giotto Biotech s.r.l, Sesto Fiorentino, Via della Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti n.48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Centre (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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10
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Oberdick SD, Jordanova KV, Lundstrom JT, Parigi G, Poorman ME, Zabow G, Keenan KE. Iron oxide nanoparticles as positive T 1 contrast agents for low-field magnetic resonance imaging at 64 mT. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11520. [PMID: 37460669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the efficacy of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as positive T1 contrast agents for low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 64 millitesla (mT). Iron oxide-based agents, such as the FDA-approved ferumoxytol, were measured using a variety of techniques to evaluate T1 contrast at 64 mT. Additionally, we characterized monodispersed carboxylic acid-coated SPIONs with a range of diameters (4.9-15.7 nm) in order to understand size-dependent properties of T1 contrast at low-field. MRI contrast properties were measured using 64 mT MRI, magnetometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion (NMRD). We also measured MRI contrast at 3 T to provide comparison to a standard clinical field strength. SPIONs have the capacity to perform well as T1 contrast agents at 64 mT, with measured longitudinal relaxivity (r1) values of up to 67 L mmol-1 s-1, more than an order of magnitude higher than corresponding r1 values at 3 T. The particles exhibit size-dependent longitudinal relaxivities and outperform a commercial Gd-based agent (gadobenate dimeglumine) by more than eight-fold at physiological temperatures. Additionally, we characterize the ratio of transverse to longitudinal relaxivity, r2/r1 and find that it is ~ 1 for the SPION based agents at 64 mT, indicating a favorable balance of relaxivities for T1-weighted contrast imaging. We also correlate the magnetic and structural properties of the particles with models of nanoparticle relaxivity to understand generation of T1 contrast. These experiments show that SPIONs, at low fields being targeted for point-of-care low-field MRI systems, have a unique combination of magnetic and structural properties that produce large T1 relaxivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Oberdick
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
| | | | - John T Lundstrom
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Gary Zabow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Kathryn E Keenan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
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11
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Kaster M, Levasseur MD, Edwardson TGW, Caldwell MA, Hofmann D, Licciardi G, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Hilvert D, Meade TJ. Engineered Nonviral Protein Cages Modified for MR Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:591-602. [PMID: 36626688 PMCID: PMC9945100 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic medical imaging utilizes magnetic resonance (MR) to provide anatomical, functional, and molecular information in a single scan. Nanoparticles are often labeled with Gd(III) complexes to amplify the MR signal of contrast agents (CAs) with large payloads and high proton relaxation efficiencies (relaxivity, r1). This study examined the MR performance of two structurally unique cages, AaLS-13 and OP, labeled with Gd(III). The cages have characteristics relevant for the development of theranostic platforms, including (i) well-defined structure, symmetry, and size; (ii) the amenability to extensive engineering; (iii) the adjustable loading of therapeutically relevant cargo molecules; (iv) high physical stability; and (v) facile manufacturing by microbial fermentation. The resulting conjugates showed significantly enhanced proton relaxivity (r1 = 11-18 mM-1 s-1 at 1.4 T) compared to the Gd(III) complex alone (r1 = 4 mM-1 s-1). Serum phantom images revealed 107% and 57% contrast enhancements for Gd(III)-labeled AaLS-13 and OP cages, respectively. Moreover, proton nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (1H NMRD) profiles showed maximum relaxivity values of 50 mM-1 s-1. Best-fit analyses of the 1H NMRD profiles attributed the high relaxivity of the Gd(III)-labeled cages to the slow molecular tumbling of the conjugates and restricted local motion of the conjugated Gd(III) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan
A. Kaster
- Departments
of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Mikail D. Levasseur
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas G. W. Edwardson
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Caldwell
- Departments
of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Daniela Hofmann
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Licciardi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Departments
of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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12
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Water Dynamics in Highly Concentrated Protein Systems-Insight from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044093. [PMID: 36835511 PMCID: PMC9963861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
1H spin-lattice relaxation experiments have been performed for water-Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) mixtures, including 20%wt and 40%wt of BSA. The experiments have been carried out in a frequency range encompassing three orders of magnitude, from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, versus temperature. The relaxation data have been thoroughly analyzed in terms of several relaxation models with the purpose of revealing the mechanisms of water motion. For this purpose, four relaxation models have been used: the data have been decomposed into relaxation contributions expressed in terms of Lorentzian spectral densities, then three-dimensional translation diffusion has been assumed, next two-dimensional surface diffusion has been considered, and eventually, a model of surface diffusion mediated by acts of adsorption to the surface has been employed. In this way, it has been demonstrated that the last concept is the most plausible. Parameters describing the dynamics in a quantitative manner have been determined and discussed.
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13
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Licciardi G, Rizzo D, Salobehaj M, Massai L, Geri A, Messori L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G. Large Protein Assemblies for High-Relaxivity Contrast Agents: The Case of Gadolinium-Labeled Asparaginase. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2411-2419. [PMID: 36458591 PMCID: PMC9782335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are emerging as the most important class of drugs and are used to treat a large variety of pathologies. Most of biologics are proteins administered in large amounts, either by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion. Asparaginase is a large tetrameric protein assembly, currently used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, a gadolinium(III)-DOTA derivative has been conjugated to asparaginase, and its relaxation properties have been investigated to assess its efficiency as a possible theranostic agent. The field-dependent 1H longitudinal relaxation measurements of water solutions of gadolinium(III)-labeled asparaginase indicate a very large increase in the relaxivity of this paramagnetic protein complex with respect to small gadolinium chelates, opening up the possibility of its use as an MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Licciardi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Maria Salobehaj
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Andrea Geri
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,
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14
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Gao T, Korb JP, Lukšič M, Mériguet G, Malikova N, Rollet AL. Ion influence on surface water dynamics and proton exchange at protein surfaces - A unified model for transverse and longitudinal NMR relaxation dispersion. J Mol Liq 2022; 367:120451. [PMID: 37790165 PMCID: PMC10544814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In all biologically relevant media, proteins interact in the presence of surrounding ions, and such interactions are water-mediated. Water molecules play a crucial role in the restructuring of proteins in solution and indeed in their biological activity. Surface water dynamics and proton exchange at protein surfaces is investigated here using NMR relaxometry, for two well-known globular proteins, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, with particular attention to the role of surface ions. We present a unified model of surface water dynamics and proton exchange, accounting simultaneously for the observed longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates. The most notable effect of salt (0.1 M) concerns the slow surface water dynamics, related to rare water molecules embedded in energy wells on the protein surface. This response is protein-specific. On the other hand, the proton exchange time between labile protein-protons and water-protons at the protein surface seems to be very similar for the two proteins and is insensitive to the addition of salts at the concentration studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Gao
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Jean-Pierre Korb
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Guillaume Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Natalie Malikova
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rollet
- Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Électrolytes et Nano-Systèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), 4 place Jussieu, Paris, France
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15
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Florek-Wojciechowska M. Dynamics of Arabic gum aqueous solutions as revealed by NMR relaxometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5808-5813. [PMID: 35420169 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this article is to study molecular dynamics through nuclear magnetic relaxation (NMR) dispersion of Arabic gum aqueous solutions analysed in terms of two-fraction exchange model. RESULTS The experiments revealed that relaxation of water molecules was non-monoexponential, which was interpreted in terms of a model describing the magnetization transfer due to exchange of water and polysaccharide protons. The analysis showed that water dynamics decreased slightly with gum content. Polymer-chain dynamics was assigned to regime II of the tube/reptation model. Peculiar temperature dependence of exchange rate was observed in the whole concentration range of Arabic gum solutions. CONCLUSION NMR relaxation probed in a broad frequency and temperature range allows probing of the molecular dynamics of complex food systems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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16
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Licciardi G, Rizzo D, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G, Luchinat C. Not only manganese, but fruit component effects dictate the efficiency of fruit juice as an oral magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4623. [PMID: 34595785 PMCID: PMC9285043 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several fruit juices are used as oral contrast agents to improve the quality of images in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. They are often preferred to conventional synthetic contrast agents because of their very low cost, natural origin, intrinsic safety, and comparable image qualities. Pineapple and blueberry juices are the most employed in clinical practice due to their higher content of manganese(II) ions. The interest of pharmaceutical companies in these products is testified by the appearance in the market of fruit juice derivatives with improved contrast efficacy. Here, we investigate the origin of the contrast of blueberry juice, analyze the parameters that can effect it, and elucidate the differences with pineapple juice and manganese(II) solutions. It appears that, although manganese(II) is the paramagnetic ion responsible for the contrast, it is the interaction of manganese(II) with other juice components that modulates the efficiency of the juice as a magnetic resonance contrast agent. On these grounds, we conclude that blueberry juice concentrated to the same manganese concentration of pineapple juice would prove a more efficient contrast agent than pineapple juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Licciardi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
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