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Hladun O, Papaseit E, Martín S, Barriocanal AM, Poyatos L, Farré M, Pérez-Mañá C. Interaction of Energy Drinks with Prescription Medication and Drugs of Abuse. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101532. [PMID: 34683828 PMCID: PMC8541613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) has become increasingly popular, especially among adolescents. Caffeine, a psychostimulant, is the main compound of EDs which also contain other substances with pharmacological effects. This review aims to compile current evidence concerning the potential interactions between EDs, medicines, and drugs of abuse as they are frequently consumed in combination. The substances involved are mainly substrates, inductors or inhibitors of CYP1A2, psychostimulants, alcohol and other depressant drugs. Furthermore, intoxications reported with EDs and other substances have also been screened to describe acute toxicity. The results of our review show that the consumption of both EDs alone and in combination is not as safe as previously thought. Health professionals and consumers need to be aware of the potential interactions of these drinks as well as the absence of long-term safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Hladun
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934978843
| | - Soraya Martín
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
| | - Ana Maria Barriocanal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Lourdes Poyatos
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (O.H.); (S.M.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.); (M.F.); (C.P.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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Pérez-Mañá C, Mateus JA, Díaz-Pellicer P, Díaz-Baggerman A, Pérez M, Pujadas M, Fonseca F, Papaseit E, Pujol J, Langohr K, de la Torre R. Effects of Mixing Energy Drinks With Alcohol on Driving-Related Skills. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:13-25. [PMID: 34338762 PMCID: PMC8756085 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (EDs) reduce sleepiness and fatigue and improve driving performance whereas alcohol does just the opposite. Although it is a trendy combination among young people, the effects of alcohol mixed with EDs on driving performance have been poorly studied. The aim was to assess if there is an interaction between the effects of both drinks on driving-related skills as well as perceptions about driving ability. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled 4-way crossover clinical trial. Participants were 16 healthy volunteers. Interventions of 60 g of ethanol and 750 mL of Red Bull (RB) were administered in 2 separated doses. Conditions were alcohol + RB placebo, alcohol + RB, alcohol placebo + RB, and both placebos. Objective performance was assessed using a tracking test and simple reaction time, N-Back, and movement estimation tasks. Additionally, willingness to drive, other subjective effects, and ethanol and caffeine blood concentrations were also measured. RESULTS Alcohol increased the time outside the road in the tracking test and increased simple reaction time, but the addition of RB had no main or interaction effects on performance. Nonetheless, driving-related skills after alcohol + RB were better than after alcohol alone. Willingness to drive increased with the combination of drinks. RB also reduced alcohol-induced sedation whereas drunkenness did not change. These effects were seen even though alcohol + RB increased alcohol (14.8%) and caffeine plasma concentrations (17.6%). CONCLUSIONS Mixing EDs with alcohol predisposes consumers to drive under alcohol influence, perhaps in part because EDs counteract its detrimental effects on driving-related skills. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02771587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain,Correspondence: Clara Pérez-Mañá, MD, PhD, Carretera de Canyet, S/N, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain ()
| | - Julián Andrés Mateus
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Pellicer
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Pérez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mitona Pujadas
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Fonseca
- Drug Addiction Unit, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jesús Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Polytechnic University of Catalonia/BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Pompeu Fabra University (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain,CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Porru S, Maccioni R, Bassareo V, Peana AT, Salamone JD, Correa M, Acquas E. Effects of caffeine on ethanol-elicited place preference, place aversion and ERK phosphorylation in CD-1 mice. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1357-1370. [PMID: 33103552 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120965892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate a rise in the combined consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, which can lead to increased risk of alcoholic-beverage overconsumption. However, the effects of the combination of caffeine and ethanol in animal models related to aspects of drug addiction are still underexplored. AIMS To characterize the pharmacological interaction between caffeine and ethanol and establish if caffeine can affect the ability of ethanol (2 g/kg) to elicit conditioned place preference and conditioned place aversion, we administered caffeine (3 or 15 mg/kg) to male CD-1 mice before saline or ethanol. Moreover, we determined if these doses of caffeine could affect ethanol (2 g/kg) elicited extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in brain areas, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, and basolateral amygdala, previously associated with this type of associative learning. RESULTS In the place-conditioning paradigm, caffeine did not have an effect on its own, whereas ethanol elicited significant conditioned-place preference and conditioned-place aversion. Caffeine (15 mg/kg) significantly prevented the acquisition of ethanol-elicited conditioned-place preference and, at both doses, also prevented the acquisition of ethanol-elicited conditioned-place aversion. Moreover, both doses of caffeine also prevented ethanol-elicited extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation expression in all brain areas examined. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate a functional antagonistic action of caffeine and ethanol on associative learning and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation after an acute interaction. These results could provide exciting grounds for further studies, also in a translational perspective, of their pharmacological interaction modulating other processes involved in drug consumption and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Porru
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Department of Psychobiology, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Riccardo Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valentina Bassareo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra T Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
| | - Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychobiology, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Elio Acquas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Centre of Excellence on Neurobiology of Addiction, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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