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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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2
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Brennessel WW, Long BK, Hanusa TP. Mechanochemical Formation, Solution Rearrangements, and Catalytic Behavior of a Polymorphic Ca/K Allyl Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:8195-8202. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - William W. Brennessel
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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3
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Rightmire NR, Bruns DL, Hanusa TP, Brennessel WW. Mechanochemical Influence on the Stereoselectivity of Halide Metathesis: Synthesis of Group 15 Tris(allyl) Complexes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Rightmire
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David L. Bruns
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Rightmire NR, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. Mechanochemical Synthesis of [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]3(Al,Sc), a Base-Free Tris(allyl)aluminum Complex and Its Scandium Analogue. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5009204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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5
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Lichtenberg C, Engel J, Spaniol TP, Englert U, Raabe G, Okuda J. Bis(allyl)zinc revisited: sigma versus pi bonding of allyl coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9805-11. [PMID: 22591244 DOI: 10.1021/ja303480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The reinvestigation of two allyl zinc compounds, parent bis(allyl)zinc [Zn(C(3)H(5))(2)] (1) and 2-methallyl chloro zinc [Zn(C(4)H(7))Cl] (2), revealed two new coordination modes in the solid state for the allyl ligand, viz cis- and trans-μ(2)-η(1):η(1). These results call for modification of the conventional interpretation of zinc-allyl interactions. Computational results indicate that the classical η(3)-bonding mode of the allyl ligand is not favored in zinc compounds. A rare case of a zinc-olefin interaction in the dimer of [Zn(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(OC(C(3)H(5))Ph(2))] was found in the monoinsertion product of 1 with benzophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Lichtenberg C, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Bis(allyl)gallium cation, tris(allyl)gallium, and tetrakis(allyl)gallate: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2254-62. [PMID: 22268716 DOI: 10.1021/ic202293t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of cationic, neutral, and anionic allylgallium complexes has been isolated and fully characterized. It includes neutral [Ga(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(3)(L)] (1, L = THF; 2, L = OPPh(3)), cationic [Ga(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(2)(THF)(2)](+)[A](-) (3, [A](-) = [B(C(6)F(5))(4)](-); 4, [A](-) = [B(C(6)H(3)Cl(2))(4)](-)), as well as anionic [Cat](+)[Ga(η(1)-C(3)H(5))(4)](-) (5, [Cat](+) = K(+); 6, [Cat](+) = [K(dibenzo-18-c-6](+); 7, [Cat](+) = [PPh(4)](+)). Binding modes of the allyl ligand in solution and in the solid state have been studied comparatively. Single crystal X-ray analyses revealed a four-coordinate neutral gallium center in 2, a five-coordinate cationic gallium center in 4 and [4·THF], and a four-coordinate anionic gallium center with a bridging μ(2)-η(1):η(2) coordination mode of the allyl ligand in 6. The reactivity of this series of allylgallium complexes toward benzophenone and N-heteroaromatics has been investigated. Counterion effects have also been studied. Reactions of 1 and 5 with isoquinoline revealed the first examples of organogallium complexes reacting under 1,2-insertion with pyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Peckermann I, Raabe G, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Tris(allyl) indium compounds: synthesis and structural characterization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5061-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Aguirre-Etcheverry P, Ashley AE, Balázs G, Green JC, Cowley AR, Thompson AL, O’Hare D. Synthesis, Structure, and Ligand Exchange Reactions of Tetramethyleneethane Complexes of Cobalt. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100611p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Aguirre-Etcheverry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew E. Ashley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jennifer C. Green
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew R. Cowley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dermot O’Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Chmely S, Hanusa T, Brennessel W. Bis(1,3-trimethylsilylallyl)beryllium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5870-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chmely SC, Hanusa TP. Complexes with Sterically Bulky Allyl Ligands: Insights into Structure and Bonding. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Chmely
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37245, USA, Fax: +1‐615‐/343‐1234
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37245, USA, Fax: +1‐615‐/343‐1234
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Solomon SA, Layfield RA. The coordination chemistry of silyl-substituted allyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2469-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b918619k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Gren CK, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. Solvent-resistant structures of base-free lithium and potassium allyl complexes, M[(SiMe3)nC3H5-n] (M = Li,n= 3; M = K,n= 2). MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10241220903065235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sulway SA, Girshfeld R, Solomon SA, Muryn CA, Poater J, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM, Layfield RA. Alkali Metal Complexes of Silyl-Substitutedansa-(Tris)allyl Ligands: Metal-, Co-Ligand- and Substituent-Dependent Stereochemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Chmely SC, Carlson CN, Hanusa TP, Rheingold AL. Classical versus Bridged Allyl Ligands in Magnesium Complexes: The Role of Solvent. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6344-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900998t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Chmely
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
| | - Christin N. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358
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Layfield RA, García F, Hannauer J, Humphrey SM. Ansa-tris(allyl) complexes of alkali metals: tripodal analogues of cyclopentadienyl and ansa-metallocene ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:5081-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b712285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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