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Salerno G, Bettucci O, Manfredi N, Stendardo L, Veronese E, Metrangolo P, Abbotto A. Tailored Metal-Porphyrin Based Molecular Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Artificial Nitrogen Fixation to Green Ammonia. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300345. [PMID: 39006055 PMCID: PMC11237181 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrogen reduction (E-NRR) is one of the most promising approaches to generate green NH3. However, scarce ammonia yields and Faradaic efficiencies (FE) still limit their use on a large scale. Thus, efforts are focusing on different E-NRR catalyst structures and formulations. Among present strategies, molecular electrocatalysts such as metal-porphyrins emerge as an encouraging option due to their planar structures which favor the interaction involving the metal center, responsible for adsorption and activation of nitrogen. Nevertheless, the high hydrophobicity of porphyrins limits the aqueous electrolyte-catalyst interaction lowering yields. This work introduces a new class of metal-porphyrin based catalysts, bearing hydrophilic tris(ethyleneglycol) monomethyl ether chains (metal = Cu(II) and CoII)). Experimental results show that the presence of hydrophilic chains significantly increases ammonia yields and FE, supporting the relevance of fruitful catalyst-electrolyte interactions. This study also investigates the use of hydrophobic branched alkyl chains for comparison, resulting in similar performances with respect to the unsubstituted metal-porphyrin, taken as a reference, further confirming that the appropriate design of electrocatalysts carrying peripheral hydrophilic substituents is able to improve device performances in the generation of green ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Salerno
- Department of Materials Science and Milano‐Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center (MIB‐SOLAR)University of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cozzi 55MilanoI‐20125Italy
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM)University of SalernoInvariante 12/B, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132Fisciano (SA)I‐84084Italy
| | - Ottavia Bettucci
- Department of Materials Science and Milano‐Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center (MIB‐SOLAR)University of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cozzi 55MilanoI‐20125Italy
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and Milano‐Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center (MIB‐SOLAR)University of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cozzi 55MilanoI‐20125Italy
| | - Luca Stendardo
- Department of Materials Science and Milano‐Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center (MIB‐SOLAR)University of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cozzi 55MilanoI‐20125Italy
| | - Eleonora Veronese
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”Politecnico di MilanoVia L. MancinelliMilano20131Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”Politecnico di MilanoVia L. MancinelliMilano20131Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and Milano‐Bicocca Solar Energy Research Center (MIB‐SOLAR)University of Milano‐BicoccaVia Cozzi 55MilanoI‐20125Italy
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Kawano SI, Kawada S, Matsubuchi A, Tanaka K. Metalloporphyrins substituted with N-carbazolyl groups quadruply at meso positions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621501170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a new family of porphyrinoids with broad absorption bands that efficiently harvest sunlight, the metal complexes of a porphyrin quadruply substituted with [Formula: see text]-carbazolyl groups at the meso positions were photometrically and structurally characterized. The porphyrins exhibited characteristic broad bands in the range of 450–500 nm, due to the charge transfer band from carbazole to porphyrin. Ligand exchange at the axial position of the zinc complex with an aquo ligand affected the absorption spectrum, and a hyper-hypsochromic shift of the broad band was observed by the coordination of methanol. Furthermore, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the metalloporphyrins were lowered by the electron-withdrawing effect of the perpendicularly oriented carbazolyl groups. In the solid state, zinc-porphyrin was self-assembled into a one-dimensional coordination polymer by intermolecular axial coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Sae Kawada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Atsuya Matsubuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Zhu J, Tan Z, Yang W. Synthesize polymeric manganese porphyrin with CuI/N,N-dimethyl glycine acid catalytic system and high-efficiency aerobic catalytic oxidation of cyclic ketones. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stute S, Götzke L, Meyer D, Merroun ML, Rapta P, Kataeva O, Seichter W, Gloe K, Dunsch L, Gloe K. Molecular Structure, UV/Vis Spectra, and Cyclic Voltammograms of Mn(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21-oxaporphyrins. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:1515-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Stute
- Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Linda Götzke
- Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Dirk Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Mohamed L. Merroun
- Institute of Resource
Ecology, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Peter Rapta
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01171 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Olga Kataeva
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - Wilhelm Seichter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU BA Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gloe
- Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Lothar Dunsch
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01171 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Gloe
- Department of Chemistry and
Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden,
Germany
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de Oliveira VE, Corrêa CC, Pinheiro CB, Diniz R, de Oliveira LFC. Structural and spectroscopy studies of the zinc complex of p-hydroxyphenylporphyrin. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The self-assembly and self-organization of porphyrins and related macrocycles enables the bottom-up fabrication of photonic materials for fundamental studies of the photophysics of these materials and for diverse applications. This rapidly developing field encompasses a broad range of disciplines including molecular design and synthesis, materials formation and characterization, and the design and evaluation of devices. Since the self-assembly of porphyrins by electrostatic interactions in the late 1980s to the present, there has been an ever increasing degree of sophistication in the design of porphyrins that self-assemble into discrete arrays or self-organize into polymeric systems. These strategies exploit ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry, and dispersion forces to form supramolecular systems with varying degrees of hierarchical order. This review concentrates on the methods to form supramolecular porphyrinic systems by intermolecular interactions other than coordination chemistry, the characterization and properties of these photonic materials, and the prospects for using these in devices. The review is heuristically organized by the predominant intermolecular interactions used and emphasizes how the organization affects properties and potential performance in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Hikal WM, Harmon HJ. Photocatalytic self-assembled solid porphyrin microcrystals from water-soluble porphyrins: Synthesis, characterization and application. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bhosale SV, Bissett MA, Forsyth C, Langford SJ, Neville SM, Shapter JG, Weeks L, Woodward CP. Designing functionalized porphyrins capable of pseudo-2D self-assembly on surfaces. Org Lett 2008; 10:2943-6. [PMID: 18557627 DOI: 10.1021/ol800895q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A crystallography-instructed strategy to highly ordered layering of porphyrins with different topologies on HOPG is developed based on meso-tetraarylporphyrins bearing 2-ethoxyethanol side chains as "sticky ends". These sticky ends are capable of displaying directive hydrogen bonding motifs with the inherent D4h symmetry of the porphyrins. Solvent effects are shown to have an important role in fabricating the adsorption. Metalation and subsequent axial ligation was a key controlling factor in the topology of the layer, leading to pseudo-2D structures on HOPG.
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Hörner M, Iglesias BA, Martins PR, Mendes Villis PC, do Canto Visentin L. 1-D Supramolecular Arrangement of [{C6H5NNN(O)C6H5}V(O)2(C5H5N)] and [{O2NC6H4NNN(O)C6H5}V(O)2(C5H5N)] through Hydrogen Bonding – Stabilization ofcis-Dioxovanadium(V)(Pyridyne) Fragments with 1,3-Disubstituted Triazenido 1-Oxide Anions as Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Officer DL, Lodato F, Jolley KW. Zinc−Porphyrin Phosphonate Coordination: Structural Control through a Zinc Phosphoryl−Oxygen Interaction. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:4781-3. [PMID: 17508743 DOI: 10.1021/ic070344r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inter- and intramolecular zinc-porphyrin phosphonate coordination in the cis and trans isomers of zinc tetraphenylporphyrinstyryldiphosphonate is reported, demonstrating the potential of the zinc phosphoryl-oxygen interaction for structural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Officer
- Nanomaterials Research Centre and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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