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Zanotti G, Palmeri F, Raglione V. Phthalocyanines Synthesis: A State-of-The-Art Review of Sustainable Approaches Through Green Chemistry Metrics. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400908. [PMID: 38837556 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Driven by escalating environmental concerns, synthetic chemistry faces an urgent need for a green revolution. Green chemistry, with its focus on low environmental impacting chemicals and minimized waste production, emerges as a powerful tool in addressing this challenge. Metrics such as the E-factor guide the design of environmentally friendly strategies for chemical processes by quantifying the waste generated in obtaining target products, thus enabling interventions to minimize it. Phthalocyanines (Pcs), versatile molecules with exceptional physical and chemical properties, hold immense potential for technological applications. This review aims to bridge the gap between green chemistry and phthalocyanine synthesis by collecting the main examples of environmentally sustainable syntheses documented in the literature. The calculation of the E-factor of a selection of them provides insights on how crucial it is to evaluate a synthetic process in its entirety. This approach allows for a better evaluation of the actual sustainability of the phthalocyanine synthetic process and indicates possible strategies to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Federica Palmeri
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Venanzio Raglione
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
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Gök HZ, Gök Y. Novel polymeric phthalocyanines bridged flexible 1,5-pentanedithiol unit for metal ions extraction: synthesis, characterization and evaluation. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-019-00901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Comparative nonlinear optics and optical limiting properties of metallophthalocyanines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Non-aggregated axially naphthoxazin group substituted silicon phthalocyanines: Synthesis and electrochemistry. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kantekin H, Sarkı G, Koca A, Bekircan O, Aktaş A, Uslu Kobak R, Sağlam M. Synthesis, structural characterizations, and electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of novel peripherally octa-substituted metallophthalocyanines. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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New peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-substituted water soluble zinc phthalocyanines: Synthesis, photophysics and photochemistry. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Acar İ, Saka ET, Topçu S, Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Kantekin H, Aktaş A. Synthesis and electrochemistry of new octa-substituted metal-free and metallophthalocyanines. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1022537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Acar
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ece Tuğba Saka
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Saim Topçu
- Department of Chemistry, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | | | - Halit Kantekin
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Aktaş
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Saka ET, Sarki G, Kantekin H. Facile synthesis of highly active Co(II) and Fe(II) phthalocyanine catalysts for aerobic oxidation of phenolic compounds. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1015529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Tuğba Saka
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gülbinar Sarki
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Halit Kantekin
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Gök Y, Gök HZ. Synthesis, characterization and spectral properties of novel zinc phthalocyanines derived from C2 symmetric diol. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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New water soluble and amphiphilic titanium(IV) phthalocyanines and investigation of electropolymerization properties. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ogunsipe AO, Idowu MA, Ogunbayo TB, Akinbulu IA. Protonation of some non-transition metal phthalocyanines — spectral and photophysicochemical consequences. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of phthalocyanine complexes of magnesium (MgPc), aluminum chloride (ClAlPc) and zinc (ZnPc) are studied in N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF). The values obtained for the photophysical and photochemical parameters are normal for simple metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes. Protonation of the azomethine bridges reduced the photoactivities of the complexes considerably; however the excited triplet states of the protonated species are more stable towards ground state oxygen. The interaction of the non-protonated MPcs with ground state oxygen is shown to be diffusion-assisted, with bimolecular rate constant values of the order of 1010 M-1.s-1. MgPc could not be protonated; it was easily demetalated by the protonating acid. The kinetics of the demetalation yielded the rate equation: Rate = 0.1[MgPc][H+]2/3
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mopelola A. Idowu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Karimi AR, Bayat F. Synthesis of new highly organosoluble metallophthalocyanines with 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene substituents. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Yıldız SZ, Kantekin H. Metal-free and metallophthalocyanines appending with eight 12-crown-4 ethers. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Karadenız H, Acar İ, Biyiklioğlu Z, Ağin F, Kantekın H. Synthesis and characterization of octakis(4,5-bis{2-[2-(1-naphthyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy})- substituted metal-free and metallophthalocyanines. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958971003754540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - İrfan Acar
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zekerıya Biyiklioğlu
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ağin
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Halıt Kantekın
- b Department of Chemistry , Karadeniz Technical University , 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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Cengiz E, Bıyıklıoǧlu Z, Küp Aylıkcı N, Aylıkcı V, Apaydın G, Tıraşoǧlu E, Kantekin H. Chemical Effect on K Shell X-ray Fluorescence Parameters and Radiative Auger Ratios of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn Complexes. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/23/02/138-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Synthesis, electrochemical, in situ spectroelectrochemical and in situ electrocolorimetric characterization of new metal-free and metallophthalocyanines substituted with 4-{2-[2-(1-naphthyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} groups. Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2010.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Functional Phthalocyanines: Synthesis, Nanostructuration, and Electro-Optical Applications. FUNCTIONAL PHTHALOCYANINE MOLECULAR MATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04752-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Acar İ, Kantekin H, Bıyıklıoğlu Z. The synthesis, using microwave irradiation and characterization of novel, metal-free and metallophthalocyanines. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Koca A, Kantekin H. Synthesis, electrochemical, in situ spectroelectrochemical and in situ electrocolorimetric characterization of new phthalocyanines peripherally fused to four flexible crown ether moieties. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bıyıklıoğlu Z, Kantekin H, Acar İ. The synthesis and characterization of new organosoluble long chain-substituted metal-free and metallophthalocyanines by microwave irradiation. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Novel metallophthalocyanines bearing 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-p-tolyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole bulky substituents by microwave irradiation. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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