Synthesis, crystal structure and characterization of 3-thiophene aldehyde thiosemicarbazone and its complexes with cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II)

QSAR, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic analysis of thiosemicarbazone-indole compounds targeting prostate cancer cells

Objectives

By 2030, prostate cancer is estimated to account for 1.7 million new cases and 499,000 deaths. The objectives of this research were to create a model revealing the activity of thiosemicarbazone-indole compounds as anticancer agents against the PC3 cell line; perform docking analysis between the compounds and the target enzyme; and predict the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness of the compounds under investigation.

Methods

The quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) method was used to build the model; molecular docking between the compounds and the target enzyme was performed; and the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics of the inhibiting compounds was examined.

Results

The genetic function algorithm-multilinear regression approach was used for building the QSAR model. Build model 1 had the best performance, with R2 (coefficient of determination) = 0.972517, Radj (adjusted R-squared) = 0.964665, (CRp2) = 0.780922, and LOF (leave-one-out cross-validation) = 0.076524, demonstrated strongly indicated by the molecular descriptors. SHBd, SsCH3, JGI2, and RDF60P were highly dependent on proliferative activity. Compounds ID 7 and 22 had the potential to act as androgen receptor inhibitors, as suggested by molecular docking studies between the drugs and their target enzymes. Compounds ID 7 and 22 exhibited binding scores of -8.5 kcal/mol and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The approved maximum medication molecules for oral bioavailability included the molecules with IDs 7 and 22.

Conclusion

This research provides valuable insights into the relationships among molecular descriptors, potential inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic properties in the treatment of PC3. These findings may contribute to the understanding and potential development of new therapeutic options for prostate cancer patients.

Transition Metal Complexes of Thiosemicarbazides, Thiocarbohydrazides, and Their Corresponding Carbazones with Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I)-A Review

This review focuses on some interesting and recent applications of transition metals towards the complexation of thiosemicarbazides, thiocarbohydrazides, and their corresponding carbazones. We started the review with a description of the chosen five metals, including Cu[Cu(I), Cu(II], Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I) and their electronic configurations. The stability of the assigned complexes was also discussed. We shed light on different routes describing the synthesis of these ligands. We also reported on different examples of the synthesis of Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I), and Pd(II) of thiosemicarbazide and thiocarbohydrazide complexes (until 2022). This review also deals with a summary of the fruitful use of metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones and thiocarbazones ligands in the field of catalysis. Finally, this recent review focuses on the applications of these complexes related to their biological importance.

Synthesis, In Silico Study, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives

Thiosemicarbazones are known for their biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-MBTSc) and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (4-NBTSc) using IR, ¹HNMR and ¹³C NMR. The compound’s in vitro anticancer activities against different cell lines were evaluated. Molecular docking, Insilco ADMET, and drug-likeness prediction were also done. The test compounds showed a comparative IC₅₀ and growth inhibition with the standard drug Doxorubicin. The IC₅₀ ranges from 2.82 µg/mL to 14.25 µg/mL in 3-MBTSc and 2.80 µg/mL to 7.59 µg/mL in 4-NBTSc treated cells. The MTT assay result revealed, 3-MBTSc inhibits 50.42 and 50.31 percent of cell growth in B16-F0 and EAC cell lines, respectively. The gene expression showed that tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and BRCA1 are significantly upregulated in 7.42 and 5.33 folds, and oncogenes, PKC, and RAS are downregulated −7.96 and −7.64 folds, respectively in treated cells. The molecular docking performed on the four targeted proteins (PARP, VEGFR-1, TGF-β1, and BRAF^V600E) indicated that both 4-NBTSc and 3-MBTSc potentially bind to TGF-β1 with the best binding energy of −42.34 Kcal/mol and −32.13 Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the test compound possesses desirable ADMET and drug-likeness properties. Overall, both 3-MBTSc and 4-NBTSc have the potential to be multitargeting drug candidates for further study. Moreover, 3-MBTSc showed better activity than 4-NBTSc.

Psychological Correlates of Attitudes toward Pet Relinquishment and of Actual Pet Relinquishment: The Role of Pragmatism and Obligation

Understanding pet relinquishment is essential to inform interventions and assess their impact. In a cross-sectional study, we explored how attitudes of lack of obligation and pragmatism toward pet relinquishment correlated with, and differed according to, sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education, political orientation, religion, income, and household), previous animal experience, and owner perceptions of animals (perceiving pet as a burden, motives for pet relinquishment, regret having a pet, and general trust in pets). We adapted and developed three scales to measure attitudes toward pet relinquishment (ATPR), motives for pet relinquishment (MPR), and general trust in pets (GTP), revealing good psychometric qualities. Hierarchical linear regressions showed that attitudes of lack of obligation toward pet relinquishment were stronger in older people, those perceiving their pet as a burden, and those with lower general trust in pets. Attitudes of pragmatism toward pet relinquishment were stronger in men, those who were main pet caretakers, those perceiving their pet as a burden, those with higher motives for pet relinquishment, and those with lower general trust in pets. Furthermore, results showed that past pet relinquishment behavior was predicted by attitudes of pragmatism, but not attitudes of lack of obligation.

Crystal structure of (E)-N-cyclo-hexyl-2-(2-hy-droxy-3-methyl-benzyl-idene)hydrazine-1-carbo-thio-amide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H21N3OS, comprises of two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (A and B). Each mol-ecule consists of a cyclo-hexane ring and a 2-hy-droxy-3-methyl-benzyl-idene ring bridged by a hydrazinecarbo-thio-amine unit. Both mol-ecules exhibit an E configuration with respect to the azomethine C=N bond. There is an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond in each mol-ecule forming an S(6) ring motif. The cyclo-hexane ring in each mol-ecule has a chair conformation. The benzene ring is inclined to the mean plane of the cyclo-hexane ring by 47.75 (9)° in mol-ecule A and 66.99 (9)° in mol-ecule B. The mean plane of the cyclo-hexane ring is inclined to the mean plane of the thio-urea moiety [N-C(=S)-N] by 55.69 (9) and 58.50 (8)° in mol-ecules A and B, respectively. In the crystal, the A and B mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming 'dimers'. The A mol-ecules are further linked by a C-H⋯π inter-action, hence linking the A-B units to form ribbons propagating along the b-axis direction. The conformation of a number of related cyclo-hexa-nehydrazinecarbo-thio-amides are compared to that of the title compound.

Schiff base-nickel, palladium, and platinum complexes derived from N-cyclohexyl hydrazine carbothioamide and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: Selective antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects against colorectal carcinoma

The bidentate N-cyclohexyl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide Schiff base ligand (HL) was coordinated to divalent nickel, palladium and platinum ions to form square planar complexes. The nickel and palladium complexes, [NiL₂ ], [PdL₂ ] form square planar complexes with 2:1 ligand to metal ratio. The platinum complex, [PtL(dmso)Cl] formed a square planar complex with 1:1 ligand to metal ratio. Platinum undergoes in situ reaction with DMSO before complexing with the ligand in solution. The cytotoxicity of HL, [NiL₂ ], [PdL₂ ], and [PtL(dmso)Cl] were evaluated against human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116), human cervical cancer (Hela) cell line, melanoma (B16F10) cells, and human normal endothelial cell lines (Eahy926) by MTT assay. The [NiL₂ ] complex displayed selective cytotoxic effect against the HCT 116 cancer cell line with IC₅₀ of 7.9 ± 0.2 μM. However, HL, [PdL₂ ], and [PtL(dmso)Cl] only exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ = 75.9 ± 2.4, 100.0 ± 1.8, and 101.0 ± 3.6 μM, respectively. The potent cytotoxicity of [NiL₂ ] was characterized using Hoechst and Rhodamine assays. The nickel complex, [NiL₂ ], caused remarkable nuclear condensation and reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, molecular docking studies confirms that [NiL₂ ] possesses significant binding efficiency with Tyrosine kinase. Altogether, the results revealed that [NiL₂ ] exhibits cytotoxicity against the cancer cells via Tyrosine kinase-induced proapoptosis pathway. This study demonstrates that the [NiL₂ ] complex could be a promising therapeutic agent against colorectal carcinoma.

Crystal structures, spectroscopic properties of new cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) and palladium(II) complexes derived from 2-acetyl-5-chloro thiophene thiosemicarbazone: Anticancer evaluation

The reactions of cobalt(II), nickel(II), zinc(II) chlorides and [Pd(DMSO)₂Cl₂] with 2-acetyl-5-chloro-thiophene thiosemicarbazone (HL) leads to the formation of a series of new complexes: [CoCl₂(S-HL)₂], 1; [Ni(N,S-L)₂], 2 [ZnCl₂(S-HL)₂], 3 and [PdCl₂(N,S-HL)], 4. All the complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, LC-MS. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy have been performed for Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes. The crystal structures of the complexes 1-3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The compounds, (1) and (3), crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system with C2/c space group. In both complexes, the metal centers are four-coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral configuration by two sulfur atoms from two thiosemicarbazone ligands and two Cl anions. The crystal structure of (2) consists of monomeric entities where the nickel(II) ion exhibit distorted square planar geometry. The coordination geometry around nickel ion is four-coordinate with four atoms of the two chelating thiosemicarbazone ligands which are in cis position. The τ₄ value of 0.255 obtained from the τ₄ analysis of complex (2) shows that the four-coordinate geometry around the central nickel ion is close to square planar. Complex (4) is mononuclear, the central ion is coordinated through the sulfur and the azomethine nitrogen atom of neutral ligand. The cytotoxic effects of all complexes were analyzed for three cancer cell lines, Caco-2, DLD-1, and SW620 compared to normal colon epithelial cell line, CCD18Co. Complex (4) is more active against DLD-1, SW620 and Caco-2 than CCD18Co. The efficiency of complex (4) is more effective in aggressive cancer cell lines. Therefore, it can be used as a new chemotherapeutic, especially in the treatment of resistant cancer types caused by long-term use of platinum-based drugs.

Crystal structure of (E)-2-[3-(tert-but-yl)-2-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene]-N-cyclo-hexyl-hydrazine-1-carbo-thio-amide

In the title compound, C18H27N3OS, the cyclo-hexane ring has a chair conformation. The azomethine C=N double bond has an E configuration. The nearly planar hydrazinecarbo-thio-amide moiety and substituted benzene ring are twisted by 31.13 (5)° relative to each other. The amide moiety and the cyclo-hexane ring are almost perpendicular to each other; a similar conformation was previously observed in reported structures. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 2(8) ring motif.

Organoruthenium(II) Complexes Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Impedes the Age Associated Deterioration in Caenorhabditis elegans through JNK-1/DAF-16 Signalling

New ruthenium(II) complexes were synthesised and characterized by various spectro analytical techniques. The structure of the complexes 3 and 4 has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The complexes were subjected to study their anti-oxidant profile and were exhibited significantly greater in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity than vitamin C. We found that complexes 1–4 confered tolerance to oxidative stress and extend the mean lifespan of mev-1 mutant worms and wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans. Further, mechanistic study and reporter gene expression analysis revealed that Ru(ƞ⁶-p-cymene) complexes maintained the intracellular redox status and offers stress resistance through activating JNK-1/DAF-16 signaling axis and possibly by other antioxidant response pathway. Notably, complex 3 and 4 ameliorates the polyQ (a Huntington’s disease associated protein) mediated proteotoxicity and related behavioural deficits in Huntington’s disease models of C. elegans. From these observations, we hope that new Ru(ƞ⁶-p-cymene) complexes could be further considered as a potential drug to retard aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Synthesis, characterisation, crystal structures and biological studies of palladium(ii) complexes containing 5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dihydro[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione derivatives

New structurally different palladium(ii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized and evaluated for their cytotoxic nature against human breast cancer cell line (MCF 7) which showed significant activity.

Morphological and in vitro evaluation of programmed cell death in MCF-7 cells by new organoruthenium(ii) complexes

Cyclopentadienyl ruthenium(ii) thiosemicarbazone complexes with the formula [Ru(η⁵-C₅H₅)(Ac-tsc)PPh₃]·Cl (1), [Ru(η⁵-C₅H₅)(Ac-mtsc)PPh₃]·Cl (2), [Ru(η⁵-C₅H₅)(Ac-etsc)PPh₃]·Cl (3) and [Ru(η⁵-C₅H₅)(Ac-ptsc)PPh₃] (4) were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques (¹H NMR,¹³C NMR, IR and UV-vis).

Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of 2-acetylpyridine-α naphthoxyacetylhydrazone and its metal complexes [corrected]

A new series of complexes of Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), Hg(II) and UO2(2+) derived from 2-acetylpyridine-α-naphthoxyacetylhydrazone (HA2PNA) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (IR, UV-visible, ESR and (1)H NMR) as well as magnetic and thermal measurements. The data revealed that the ligand acts as neutral NO, NN and NNO or mono-negative NNO chelate. On the basis of electronic spectral and magnetic moment data, an octahedral geometry is suggested for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and UO2(2+) complexes and a square planar arrangement for Cu(II) complex. The bond length, bond angle, HOMO, LUMO, dipole moment and charges on the atoms have been calculated to confirm the geometry of the ligand and the investigated complexes. The kinetic parameters were determined for thermal degradation stages of some complexes using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. Also, the ligand and its complexes were screened against antibacterial, antioxidant using DPPH radical and antitumor activities using in vitro Ehrlich ascites assay.

Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies, and in vitro antibacterial activity of novel thiosemicarbazone and its Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes

Metal complexes were prepared by the reaction of thiosemicarbazone with CuCl₂, NiCl₂, CoCl₂, Cu(OAc)₂, Ni(OAc)₂, and Co(OAc)₂. The thiosemicarbazone coordinates to metal through the thionic sulfur and the azomethine nitrogen. The thiosemicarbazone was obtained by the thiosemicarbazide with 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene. The identities of these compounds were elucidated by IR, ¹H, ¹³C-NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was first tested in vitro by the disc diffusion assay against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using chloramphenicol as reference drug. The results showed that compound 1.1 is better inhibitor of both types of tested bacteria as compared to chloramphenicol.

A combined experimental and theoretical (DFT and AIM) studies on synthesis, molecular structure, spectroscopic properties and multiple interactions analysis in a novel ethyl-4-[2-(thiocarbamoyl)hydrazinylidene]-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate and its dimer

In the present work, ethyl-4-[2-(thiocarbamoyl)hydrazinylidene]-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (3) has been synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, UV-Vis, FT-IR and Mass spectroscopy. The formation of the compound and its properties have also been evaluated by quantum chemical calculations using DFT, B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. The calculated thermodynamic parameters show that the formation of 3 is an exothermic and spontaneous reaction at room temperature. (1)H NMR chemical shifts are calculated using gauge including atomic orbitals (GIAO) approach in DMSO-d6 as solvent. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is used to calculate the energy (E), oscillator strength (f) and wavelength absorption maxima (λ(max)) of various electronic transitions and their nature within the molecule. NBO analysis is carried out to investigate the charge transfer or charge delocalization in various intra- and intermolecular interactions of molecular system. The vibrational analysis indicates the formation of dimer in the solid state by intermolecular heteronuclear hydrogen bonding (NH···O). Topological parameters at bond critical points (BCP) are calculated to analyze the strength and nature of various types of intra and intermolecular interactions in dimer by Bader's 'Atoms in molecules' AIM theory in detail. The binding energy of intermolecular multiple interactions is calculated to be 15.54 kcal/mol, using AIM calculation. The local reactivity descriptors such as Fukui functions (f(k)(+),f(k)(-)), local softnesses (s(k)(+),s(k)(-)) and electrophilicity indices (ω(k)(+),ω(k)(-)) analyses are performed to determine the reactive sites within molecule.

DNA binding, antioxidant, cytotoxicity (MTT, lactate dehydrogenase, NO), and cellular uptake studies of structurally different nickel(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes: synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and X-ray crystallography

Three new nickel(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes have been synthesized and characterized by analytical, spectral, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In complex 1, the ligand 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehydethiosemicarbazone coordinated as a monobasic tridentate donor, whereas in complexes 2 and 3, the ligands salicylaldehyde-4(N)-ethylthiosemicarbazone and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-4(N)-ethylthiosemicarbazone coordinated as a dibasic tridentate donor. The DNA binding ability of the complexes in calf thymus DNA was explored by absorption and emission titration experiments. The antioxidant property of the new complexes was evaluated to test their free-radical scavenging ability. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed for the new complexes in A549 and HepG2 cell lines. The new compounds overcome cisplatin resistance in the A549 cell line and they were also active in the HepG2 cell line. The cellular uptake study showed the accumulation of the complexes in tumor cells depended on the nature of the ligand attached to the nickel ion.