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Schoonover KG, Hsieh CM, Sengoden M, Ahmed N, Sivaperuman Kalairaj M, Ware TH, Darensbourg DJ, Pentzer EB, Wei P. Bridging polymer architecture, printability, and properties by digital light processing of block copolycarbonates. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04593a. [PMID: 39144463 PMCID: PMC11318375 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
CO2-based aliphatic polycarbonates (aPCs), produced through the alternating copolymerization of epoxides with CO2, present an appealing option for sustainable polymeric materials owing to their renewable feedstock and degradable characteristics. An ongoing challenge in working with aPCs is modifying their mechanical properties to meet specific demands. Herein, we report that monomer ratio and polymer architecture of aPCs impact not only printability by digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing, but also dictate the thermomechanical and degradation properties of the printed objects. We found that block copolymers exhibit tailorable thermomechanical properties ranging from soft elastomeric to strong and brittle as the proportion of hard blocks increases, whereas the homopolymer blend failed to print objects and statistical copolymers delaminated or overcured, displaying the weakest mechanical properties. In addition, the hydrolytic degradation of the prints was demonstrated under various conditions, revealing that BCP prints containing a higher proportion of hard blocks had slower degradation and that statistical copolymer prints degraded more slowly than their BCP counterparts. This study underscores that polymer composition and architecture both play key roles in resin printability and bulk properties, offering significant prospects for advancing sustainable materials in additive manufacturing through polymer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Schoonover
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Chia-Min Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Mani Sengoden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Naushad Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Donald J Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Peiran Wei
- Soft Matter Facility, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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Novák M, Milasheuskaya Y, Srb M, Podzimek Š, Bouška M, Jambor R. Synthesis of star-shaped poly(lactide)s, poly(valerolactone)s and poly(caprolactone)s via ROP catalyzed by N-donor tin(ii) cations and comparison of their wetting properties with linear analogues. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23273-23285. [PMID: 39049884 PMCID: PMC11267256 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the use of N-coordinated tin(ii) cations [L1→Sn(H2O)][OTf]2·THF (1) and [L1→SnCl][SnCl3] (2) (L1 = 1,2-(C5H4N-2-CH = N)2CH2CH2) as efficient ROP catalysts, which, in combination with benzyl alcohol, afford well-defined linear poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(δ-valerolactones) (PVL) via an activated monomer mechanism (AMM). Thanks to the versatility of complexes 1 and 2 as catalysts, star-shaped PCL, PVL and PLA were also prepared using three-, four-, five- and six-functional alcohols. The number of arms was determined by SEC-MALS-Visco analysis. Spin-coated thin layers of linear and selected six-armed polymers were further studied in terms of their wettability to water. Attention was focused on the influence of the composition and structure of the polymers. Finally, to increase the hydrophobic properties of the studied polymers, stannaboroxines L2(Ph)Sn[(OB-(C6H4-4-CF3))2O] and L2(Ph)Sn[(OB-(C6H4-3,5-CF3)2)2O] (L2 = C6H3-2,6-(Me2NCH2)2) were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Yaraslava Milasheuskaya
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Michael Srb
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Podzimek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bouška
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic
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Poon KC, Smith ML, Williams CK. Controlled Carbon Dioxide Terpolymerizations to Deliver Toughened yet Recyclable Thermoplastics. Macromolecules 2024; 57:4199-4207. [PMID: 38765502 PMCID: PMC11100004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Using CO2 polycarbonates as engineering thermoplastics has been limited by their mechanical performances, particularly their brittleness. Poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) has a high tensile strength (40 MPa) but is very brittle (elongation at break <3%), which limits both its processing and applications. Here, well-defined, high molar mass CO2 terpolymers are prepared from cyclohexene oxide (CHO), cyclopentene oxide (CPO), and CO2 by using a Zn(II)Mg(II) catalyst. In the catalysis, CHO and CPO show reactivity ratios of 1.53 and 0.08 with CO2, respectively; as such, the terpolymers have gradient structures. The poly(cyclohexene carbonate)-grad-poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCHC-grad-PCPC) have high molar masses (86 < Mn < 164 kg mol-1, ĐM < 1.22) and good thermal stability (Td > 250 °C). All the polymers are amorphous with a single, high glass transition temperature (96 < Tg < 108 °C). The polymer entanglement molar masses, determined using dynamic mechanical analyses, range from 4 < Me < 23 kg mol-1 depending on the polymer composition (PCHC:PCPC). These polymers show superior mechanical performance to PCHC; specifically the lead material (PCHC0.28-grad-PCPC0.72) shows 25% greater tensile strength and 160% higher tensile toughness. These new plastics are recycled, using cycles of reprocessing by compression molding (150 °C, 1.2 ton m-2, 60 min), four times without any loss in mechanical properties. They are also efficiently chemically recycled to selectively yield the two epoxide monomers, CHO and CPO, as well as carbon dioxide, with high activity (TOF = 270-1653 h-1, 140 °C, 120 min). The isolated recycled monomers are repolymerized to form thermoplastic showing the same material properties. The findings highlight the benefits of the terpolymer strategy to deliver thermoplastics combining the beneficial low entanglement molar mass, high glass transition temperatures, and tensile strengths; PCHC properties are significantly improved by incorporating small quantities (23 mol %) of cyclopentene carbonate linkages. The general strategy of designing terpolymers to include chain segments of low entanglement molar mass may help to toughen other brittle and renewably sourced plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam C. Poon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine L. Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Jin M, Hoye TR. Lactone Ring-opening Equilibria in Methanol by 1H NMR Analysis: An Assessment of the Ring-opening Polymerizability of Lactone Monomers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1122-1129. [PMID: 38817685 PMCID: PMC11139012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to learn if a convenient 1H NMR method could be developed to serve as a tool for estimating the propensity of a given lactone to participate in ring-opening transesterification polymerization (ROTEP). The methanolysis of each of 18 lactones was initially examined in CD3OD solution in the presence of sulfuric acid as a Brønsted catalyst at ambient temperature. Once equilibrium was established, the ratio of remaining lactone to the ring-opened methyl ester/alcohol could be readily measured by NMR spectroscopy. The observed thermodynamic driving force observed for the methanol ring-openings are roughly in line with the extent of ROTEP for the various classes of lactones. This is the case even though the reaction conditions for these methanolyses vs. ROTEP reactions are substantially different. Qualitative evaluations of the rates of the ring-opening methanolyses were also made, and several non-obvious relative reactivities were observed. Finally, employing this simple NMR methanolysis using low concentrations of methanol in CDCl3 is recommended as the preferred protocol for initial evaluation of the polymerizability of any new lactone monomer that researchers may prepare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Thomas R. Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Penczek S, Pretula J. Activated Monomer Mechanism (AMM) in Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization. The Origin of the AMM and Further Development in Polymerization of Cyclic Esters. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1377-1397. [PMID: 35549023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the activated monomer mechanism (AMM) in cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) is described first. Then, conditions leading to the active chain end (ACE) mechanism and AMM are compared, as well as methods allowing to distinguish between these two mechanisms. These methods are based on the "ion trapping" of the active ionic species using highly basic phosphines or by comparing ACE and AMM kinetics of polymerization. The major factors deciding on the actual mechanism include: basicity of the monomers, ring strain, and the presence of the protic additives in the reaction system. These factors are tabulated for major cyclic ethers and cyclic esters. The historically evolved subsequent steps of AMM in the polymerization of cyclic esters are described: from the first experiments with trialkyloxonium salts, precursors of protonic acids, and added alcohols, via HCl as catalyst, and then CF3S(═O)2OH (polymerizing lactides) to the most popular derivatives of phosphoric acid, like diphenyl phosphate. Conditions allowing to synthesize poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), according to AMM-CROP, with molar mass up to 105 g·mol-1, are described as well as methods to polymerize CL with a protic initiator and acidic catalyst in one molecule. Then various methods enhancing the activity of the polymerizing systems are compared, based predominantly on hydrogen bonding, either to the polymer active end group (usually the hydroxyl group) or to the acid anion. Finally, kinetic equations for ACE and AMM are compared, and it is shown that the majority of the AMM-CROP systems, mostly studied for CL and lactides, proceed as living/controlled polymerizations. Since polymer end groups are hydroxyl groups, then, as it was shown in several papers, any initiator with one or many hydroxyl groups provides macromolecules with the corresponding architecture. The papers on synthetic methods are not discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Penczek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Pretula
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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Jung HJ, Cho Y, Kim D, Mehrkhodavandi P. Cationic aluminum, gallium, and indium complexes in catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01741h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of cationic charge allows cationic group 13 complexes to be excellent Lewis acid catalysts. Cationic aluminum, gallium, and indium complexes in catalysis are comprehensively reviewed based on the reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Youngjung Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Diana Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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7
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Mechanism-inspired Design of Heterodinuclear Catalysts for Copolymerization of Epoxide and Lactone. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Kaluzynski K, Lewinski P, Pretula J, Szymanski R, Penczek S. ε-Caprolactone Polymerization Catalyzed by Heteropolyacid. Derivation of the Kinetic Equation for Activated Monomer Propagation and Determination of the Rate Constants of Propagation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kaluzynski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Lewinski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Pretula
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ryszard Szymanski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Penczek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Diaz C, Ebrahimi T, Mehrkhodavandi P. Cationic indium complexes for the copolymerization of functionalized epoxides with cyclic ethers and lactide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3347-3350. [PMID: 30815641 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08858f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the first example of discrete cationic indium complexes for the copolymerization of epoxides, cyclic ethers, and lactide. [SalenIn][SbF6] in particular proved to be a highly active catalyst for the homo-polymerization of functionalized epoxides and their copolymerization with other cyclic ethers THF, oxetane and oxepane. This catalyst also proved competent in the polymerization of epichlorohydrin and lactide, forming copolymers with good activity and control. Investigation of the role of counteranions and solvent donors on the kinetics of polymerization of epoxides revealed a subtle effect of solvents on initiation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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10
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Dai Y, He S, Peng B, Crandall LA, Schrage BR, Ziegler CJ, Jia L. Zwitterionic Design Principle of Nickel(II) Catalysts for Carbonylative Polymerization of Cyclic Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14111-14115. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Dai
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Shiyu He
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Bangan Peng
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Laura A. Crandall
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | | | - Li Jia
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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11
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Dai Y, He S, Peng B, Crandall LA, Schrage BR, Ziegler CJ, Jia L. Zwitterionic Design Principle of Nickel(II) Catalysts for Carbonylative Polymerization of Cyclic Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Dai
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Shiyu He
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Bangan Peng
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Laura A. Crandall
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
| | | | - Li Jia
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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12
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Aresta M, Nocito F, Dibenedetto A. What Catalysis Can Do for Boosting CO2 Utilization. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Chwatko M, Lynd NA. Statistical Copolymerization of Epoxides and Lactones to High Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Chwatko
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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14
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Darensbourg DJ. Switchable catalytic processes involving the copolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide for the preparation of block polymers. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00013h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of block polymersviaa one-pot process with segments prepared by different or the same mechanistic pathways.
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15
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Trott G, Saini PK, Williams CK. Catalysts for CO2/epoxide ring-opening copolymerization. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2015.0085. [PMID: 26755758 PMCID: PMC4707689 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes and reviews recent progress in the development of catalysts for the ring-opening copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides. The copolymerization is an interesting method to add value to carbon dioxide, including from waste sources, and to reduce pollution associated with commodity polymer manufacture. The selection of the catalyst is of critical importance to control the composition, properties and applications of the resultant polymers. This review highlights and exemplifies some key recent findings and hypotheses, in particular using examples drawn from our own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trott
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P K Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - C K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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16
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Darensbourg DJ, Chung WC, Yeung AD, Luna M. Dramatic Behavioral Differences of the Copolymerization Reactions of 1,4-Cyclohexadiene and 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Oxides with Carbon Dioxide. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wan-Chun Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrew D. Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mireya Luna
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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17
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Plommer H, Reim I, Kerton FM. Ring-opening polymerization of cyclohexene oxide using aluminum amine–phenolate complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12098-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Al(iii) catalysts at concentrations as low as 0.001% ring-open cyclohexene oxide to yield high molecular weight polyether with narrow dispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hart Plommer
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- St. John's
- Canada
| | - Immanuel Reim
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- St. John's
- Canada
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18
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Darensbourg DJ, Yeung AD. Kinetics of the (salen)Cr(iii)- and (salen)Co(iii)-catalyzed copolymerization of epoxides with CO2, and of the accompanying degradation reactions. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic cycle of the (salen)M(iii)-catalyzed copolymerization for a variety of epoxides with CO2 is elucidated using computational chemistry, and factors that control the kinetics and product distribution of these reactions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. D. Yeung
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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19
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Darensbourg DJ, Chung WC. Availability of Other Aliphatic Polycarbonates Derived from Geometric Isomers of Butene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Coupling Reactions. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501004w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wan-Chun Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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20
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Liu Y, Xiao M, Wang S, Xia L, Hang D, Cui G, Meng Y. Mechanism studies of terpolymerization of phthalic anhydride, propylene epoxide, and carbon dioxide catalyzed by ZnGA. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomer reactivity ratios of CO2 and phthalic anhydride (PA) are evaluated and a mechanism is discussed for ZnGA catalyzed PA/CO2/PO terpolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Shuanjin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Liang Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Hang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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Darensbourg DJ. Personal Adventures in the Synthesis of Copolymers from Carbon Dioxide and Cyclic Ethers. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420221-4.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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