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Harriswangler C, McNeil BL, Brandariz I, Valencia L, Esteban-Gómez D, Ramogida CF, Platas-Iglesias C. Incorporation of Carboxylate Pendant Arms into 18-Membered Macrocycles: Effects on [ nat/203Pb]Pb(II) Complexation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400434. [PMID: 38466910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
We present a detailed investigation on the coordination chemistry of [nat/203Pb]Pb(II) with chelators H4PYTA and H4CHX-PYTA. These chelators belong to the family of ligands derived from the 18-membered macrocyclic backbone PYAN and present varying degrees of rigidity due to the presence of either ethyl or cyclohexyl spacers. A complete study of the stable Pb(II) complexes is carried out via NMR, X-Ray crystallography, stability constant determination and computational studies. While these studies indicated that Pb(II) complexation is achieved, and the thermodynamic stability of the resulting complexes is very high, a certain degree of fluxionality does exist in both cases. Nevertheless, radiolabeling studies were carried out using SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) compatible isotope lead-203 (203Pb, t1/2=51.9 h), and while both chelators complex the radioisotope, the incorporation of carboxylate pendant arms appears to be detrimental towards the stability of the complexes when compared to the previously described amide analogues. Additionally, incorporation of a cyclohexyl spacer does not improve the kinetic inertness of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Harriswangler
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15001, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Brooke L McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, V5A 1S6, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Isabel Brandariz
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15001, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Laura Valencia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15001, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Caterina F Ramogida
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, V5A 1S6, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15001, A Coruña, Spain
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2
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Harriswangler C, Lucio-Martínez F, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Esteban-Gómez D, Platas-Iglesias C. Unravelling the 6sp ← 6s absorption spectra of Bi(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2275-2285. [PMID: 38197124 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We report a spectroscopic and computational study that investigates the absorption spectra of Bi(III) complexes, which often show an absorption band in the UV region (∼270-350 nm) due to 6sp ← 6s transitions. We investigated the spectra of three simple complexes, [BiCl5]2-, [BiCl6]3- and [Bi(DMSO)8]3+, which show absorption maxima at 334, 326 and 279 nm due to 3P1 ← 1S0 transitions. Theoretical calculations based on quasi-degenerate N-electron valence perturbation theory to second order (QD-NEVPT2) provide an accurate description of the absorption spectra when employing CAS(2,9) wave functions. We next investigated the absorption spectra of the [Bi(NOTA)] complex (H3NOTA = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), which forms ternary complexes [Bi(NOTA)X]- (X = Cl, Br or I) in the presence of excess halide in aqueous solutions. Halide binding has an important impact on the position of the 3P1 ← 1S0 transition, which shifts progressively to longer wavelengths from 282 nm ([Bi(NOTA)]) to 298 nm (X = Cl), 305 nm (X = Br) and 325 nm (X = I). Subsequent QD-NEVPT2 calculations indicate that this effect is related to the progressive stabilization of the spin-orbit free states associated with the 6s16p1 configuration on increasing the covalent character of the metal-ligand(s) bonds, rather than with significant differences in spin-orbit coupling (SOC). These studies provide valuable insight into the coordination chemistry of Bi(III), an ion with increasing interest in targeted alpha therapy due to the possible application of bismuth isotopes bismuth-212 (212Bi, t1/2 = 60.6 min) and bismuth-213 (213Bi, t1/2 = 45.6 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Harriswangler
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Fátima Lucio-Martínez
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
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3
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Tosato M, Randhawa P, Lazzari L, McNeil BL, Dalla Tiezza M, Zanoni G, Mancin F, Orian L, Ramogida CF, Di Marco V. Tuning the Softness of the Pendant Arms and the Polyazamacrocyclic Backbone to Chelate the 203Pb/ 212Pb Theranostic Pair. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1745-1758. [PMID: 38230993 PMCID: PMC10828988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A series of macrocyclic ligands were considered for the chelation of Pb2+: 1,4,7,10-tetrakis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO4S), 1,4,7-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3S), 1,4,7-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-10-acetamido-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3SAm), 1,7-bis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-4,10-diacetic acid (DO2A2S), 1,5,9-tris[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (TACD3S), 1,4,7,10-tetrakis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclotridecane (TRI4S), and 1,4,8,11-tetrakis[2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl]-1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane (TE4S). The equilibrium, the acid-mediated dissociation kinetics, and the structural properties of the Pb2+ complexes formed by these chelators were examined by UV-Visible and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, combined with potentiometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The obtained results indicated that DO4S, DO3S, DO3SAm, and DO2A2S were able to efficiently chelate Pb2+ and that the most suitable macrocyclic scaffold for Pb2+ is 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane. NMR spectroscopy gave insights into the solution structures of the Pb2+ complexes, and 1H-207Pb interactions confirmed the involvement of S and/or O donors in the metal coordination sphere. Highly fluxional solution behavior was discovered when Pb2+ was coordinated to symmetric ligands (i.e., DO4S and DO2A2S) while the introduction of structural asymmetry in DO3S and DO3SAm slowed down the intramolecular dynamics. The ligand ability to chelate [203Pb]Pb2+ under highly dilute reaction conditions was explored through radiolabeling experiments. While DO4S and DO3S possessed modest performance, DO3SAm and DO2A2S demonstrated high complexation efficiency under mild reaction conditions (pH = 7, 5 min reaction time). The [203Pb]Pb2+ complexes' integrity in human serum over 24 h was appreciably good for [203Pb][Pb(DO4S)]2+ (80 ± 5%) and excellent for [203Pb][Pb(DO3SAm)]2+ (93 ± 1%) and [203Pb][Pb(DO2A2S)] (94 ± 1%). These results reveal the promise of DO2A2S and DO3SAm as chelators in cutting-edge theranostic [203/212Pb]Pb2+ radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tosato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Radiopharmaceutical
Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Parmissa Randhawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Luca Lazzari
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Brooke L. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giordano Zanoni
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina F. Ramogida
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Valerio Di Marco
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Lead(II)-Azido Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers: Synthesis, Structure and Application in PbO Nanomaterials Preparation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132257. [PMID: 35808091 PMCID: PMC9268566 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to explain recent developments in the synthesis of Pb(II)-azido metal-organic coordination polymers. Coordination polymers are defined as hybrid materials encompassing metal-ion-based, organic linkers, vertices, and ligands, serving to link the vertices to 1D, 2D, or 3D periodic configurations. The coordination polymers have many applications and potential properties in many research fields, primarily dependent on particular host–guest interactions. Metal coordination polymers (CPs) and complexes have fascinating structural topologies. Therefore, they have found numerous applications in different areas over the past two decades. Azido-bridged complexes are inorganic coordination ligands with higher fascination that have been the subject of intense research because of their coordination adaptability and magnetic diversity. Several sonochemical methods have been developed to synthesize nanostructures. Researchers have recently been interested in using ultrasound in organic chemistry synthetics, since ultrasonic waves in liquids accelerate chemical reactions in heterogeneous and homogeneous systems. The sonochemical synthesis of lead–azide coordination compounds resulted from very fantastic morphologies, and some of these compounds are used as precursors for preparing nano lead oxide. The ultrasonic sonochemistry approach has been extensively applied in different research fields, such as medical imaging, biological cell disruption, thermoplastic welding, food processing, and waste treatment. CPs serve as appropriate precursors for preparing favorable materials at the nanoscale. Using these polymers as precursors is beneficial for preparing inorganic nanomaterials such as metal oxides.
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Tosato M, Lazzari L, Marco VD. Revisiting Lead(II)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid Coordination Chemistry in Aqueous Solutions: Evidence of an Underestimated Thermodynamic Stability. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15596-15602. [PMID: 35571797 PMCID: PMC9096932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The complexes formed between Pb2+ and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) were reinvestigated in aqueous solutions using a combination of pH potentiometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. The thermodynamic data were supported by kinetics assays. Differently protonated complexes, i.e., [PbH3L]+, [PbH2L], [PbHL]-, and [PbL]2-, were detected, and the corresponding stability constants (logβ) at T = 298 K and I = 0.1 M NaCl were 33.1 ± 0.2, 32.00 ± 0.06, 29.28 ± 0.06, and 25.3 ± 0.1, respectively. Results differed significantly from those previously reported by Chaves et al. (Talanta1992, 39, 249) and Pippin et al. (Inorg. Chim. Acta1995, 239, 43) in both the speciation and the overall complex stability; the latter in particular was found to be remarkably higher. The work disclosed herein provides revised data on the Pb2+-DOTA complexes, which should be used as a new stability benchmark during the development of lead chelators.
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6
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Lead(II) complexes with Kemp’s tricarboxylate: Can lone pair activity be discerned? Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kokov KV, Egorova BV, German MN, Klabukov ID, Krasheninnikov ME, Larkin-Kondrov AA, Makoveeva KA, Ovchinnikov MV, Sidorova MV, Chuvilin DY. 212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010189. [PMID: 35057083 PMCID: PMC8777968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, targeted alpha therapy has demonstrated its high effectiveness in treating various oncological diseases. Lead-212, with a convenient half-life of 10.64 h, and daughter alpha-emitter short-lived 212Bi (T1/2 = 1 h), provides the possibility for the synthesis and purification of complex radiopharmaceuticals with minimum loss of radioactivity during preparation. As a benefit for clinical implementation, it can be milked from a radionuclide generator in different ways. The main approaches applied for these purposes are considered and described in this review, including chromatographic, solution, and other techniques to isolate 212Pb from its parent radionuclide. Furthermore, molecules used for lead’s binding and radiochemical features of preparation and stability of compounds labeled with 212Pb are discussed. The results of preclinical studies with an estimation of therapeutic and tolerant doses as well as recently initiated clinical trials of targeted radiopharmaceuticals are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Kokov
- Physical and Chemical Technology Center, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (K.V.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.L.-K.); (K.A.M.); (D.Y.C.)
| | - Bayirta V. Egorova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Marina N. German
- Physical and Chemical Technology Center, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (K.V.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.L.-K.); (K.A.M.); (D.Y.C.)
| | - Ilya D. Klabukov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Center, 249036 Obninsk, Russia;
| | - Michael E. Krasheninnikov
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonius A. Larkin-Kondrov
- Physical and Chemical Technology Center, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (K.V.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.L.-K.); (K.A.M.); (D.Y.C.)
| | - Kseniya A. Makoveeva
- Physical and Chemical Technology Center, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (K.V.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.L.-K.); (K.A.M.); (D.Y.C.)
| | - Michael V. Ovchinnikov
- Laboratory of Peptide Synthesis, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.O.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Maria V. Sidorova
- Laboratory of Peptide Synthesis, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.O.); (M.V.S.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Chuvilin
- Physical and Chemical Technology Center, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (K.V.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.L.-K.); (K.A.M.); (D.Y.C.)
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Chen C, Sommer C, Thisgaard H, McKee V, McKenzie CJ. Facile transmetallation of [SbIII(DOTA)]− renders it unsuitable for medical applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5772-5781. [PMID: 35424558 PMCID: PMC8981601 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimony(iii) complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (DOTA) has been prepared and its exceptionally low stability observed. The Sb(iii) ion in Na[Sb(DOTA)]·4H2O shows an approximately square antiprismatic coordination geometry that is close to superimposable to the Bi(iii) geometry in [Bi(DOTA)]− in two phases containing this anion, Na[Bi(DOTA)]·4H2O, [H3O][Bi(DOTA)]·H2O for which structures are also described. Interestingly, DOTA itself in [(H6DOTA)]Cl2·4H2O·DMSO shows the same orientation of the N4O4 metal binding cavity reflecting the limited flexibility of DOTA in an octadentate coordination mode. In 8-coordinate complexes it can however accommodate M(iii) ions with rion spanning a relatively wide range from 87 pm (Sc(iii)) to 117 pm (Bi(iii)). The larger Bi3+ ion appears to be the best metal–ligand size match since [Bi(DOTA)]− is associated with greater complex stability. In the solution state, [Sb(DOTA)]− is extremely susceptible to transmetallation by trivalent ions (Sc(iii), Y(iii), Bi(iii)) and, significantly, even by biologically important divalent metal ions (Mg(ii), Ca(ii), Zn(ii)). In all cases just one equivalent is enough to displace most of the Sb(iii). [Sb(DOTA)]− is resistant to hydrolysis; however, since biologically more abundant metal ions easily substitute the antimony, DOTA complexes will not be suitable for deployment for the delivery of the, so far unexploited, theranostic isotope pair 119Sb and 117Sb. The antimony(iii) complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (DOTA) has been prepared and its exceptionally low stability observed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sommer
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Helge Thisgaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Christine J. McKenzie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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9
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Ingham A, Kostelnik TI, McNeil BL, Patrick BO, Choudhary N, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Orvig C. Getting a lead on Pb 2+-amide chelators for 203/212Pb radiopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11579-11595. [PMID: 34352061 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amide-based chelators DTPAm, EGTAm and ampam were synthesized to investigate which chelator most ideally coordinates [nat/203Pb]Pb2+ ions for potential radiopharmaceutical applications. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to study each metal-ligand complex in the solution state. The 1H NMR spectrum of [Pb(DTPAm)]2+ revealed minimal isomerization and fluxional behaviour compared to [Pb(EGTAm)]2+ and [Pb(ampam)]2+, both of which showed fewer spectral changes indicative of less static behaviour. The solid-state coordination properties of each complex were also examined from single crystal structures that were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the solid-state, octadentate DTPAm coordinated Pb2+ to form an eight-coordinate hemidirected complex; octadentate EGTAm coordinated Pb2+ forming a ten-coordinate holodirected complex with a bidentate NO3- ion also coordinated to the metal centre; decadentate ampam completely encapsulated the Pb2+ ion to form a ten-coordinate holodirected complex with a C2 axis of symmetry. Potentiometric titrations were carried out to assess the thermodynamic stability of each metal-ligand complex. The pM values obtained for [Pb(DTPAm)]2+, [Pb(EGTAm)]2+ and [Pb(ampam)]2+ were 9.7, 7.2 and 10.2, respectively. The affinity of each chelator for Pb2+ ions was tested by [203Pb]Pb2+ radiolabeling studies to evaluate their prospects as chelators for [203/212Pb]Pb2+-based radiopharmaceuticals. DTPAm radiolabeled [203Pb]Pb2+ ions achieving molar activities as high as 3.5 MBq μmol-1 within 15 minutes, at 25 °C, whereas EGTAm and ampam produced lower molar activities of 0.25 MBq μmol-1 within 30 minutes, at 37 °C. EGTAm and ampam were therefore deemed unsuitable for [203/212Pb]Pb2+-based radiopharmaceutical applications, while DTPAm warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Ingham
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z1, Canada.
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Christoff-Tempesta T, Ortony JH. Emerging investigator series: Aramid amphiphile nanoribbons for the remediation of lead from contaminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2021; 8:1536-1542. [PMID: 34211721 PMCID: PMC8211320 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanoribbons from small molecule amphiphiles with chelating head groups and a structural domain to impart mechanical stability are reported for the remediation of lead from contaminated water. The nanoribbons' remediation capacity is affected by pH and the presence of competing cations, and can be modulated by head group choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Christoff-Tempesta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Julia H. Ortony
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA
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11
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Tolbatov I, Marrone A. Molecular dynamics simulation of the Pb(II) coordination in biological media via cationic dummy atom models. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe coordination of Pb(II) in aqueous solutions containing thiols is a pivotal topic to the understanding of the pollutant potential of this cation. Based on its hard/soft borderline nature, Pb(II) forms stable hydrated ions as well as stable complexes with the thiol groups of proteins. In this paper, the modeling of Pb(II) coordination via classical molecular dynamics simulations was investigated to assess the possible use of non-bonded potentials for the description of the metal–ligand interaction. In particular, this study aimed at testing the capability of cationic dummy atom schemes—in which part of the mass and charge of the Pb(II) is fractioned in three or four sites anchored to the metal center—in reproducing the correct coordination geometry and, also, in describing the hard/soft borderline character of this cation. Preliminary DFT calculations were used to design two topological schemes, PB3 and PB4, that were subsequently implemented in the Amber force field and employed in molecular dynamics simulation of either pure water or thiol/thiolate-containing aqueous solutions. The PB3 scheme was then tested to model the binding of Pb(II) to the lead-sensing protein pbrR. The potential use of CDA topological schemes in the modeling of Pb(II) coordination was here critically discussed.
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12
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Grieve ML, Paterson BM. The Evolving Coordination Chemistry of Radiometals for Targeted Alpha Therapy. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Lange JL, Davey PRWJ, Ma MT, White JM, Morgenstern A, Bruchertseifer F, Blower PJ, Paterson BM. An octadentate bis(semicarbazone) macrocycle: a potential chelator for lead and bismuth radiopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14962-14974. [PMID: 33079111 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A variant of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) bearing two semicarbazone pendant groups has been prepared. The octadentate ligand forms complexes with Bi3+ and Pb2+. X-ray crystallography showed that the neutral ligand provides an eight-coordinate environment for both metal ions and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions have influenced the coordination environments of both complexes in the solid state. NMR spectroscopy revealed a fluxional environment for both complexes. The ligand was radiolabeled with the α-emitting radioactive isotope 213Bi3+, which is used in systemic targeted radiotherapy. The resulting complex was stable in serum for at least 90 min (two decay half-lives). The Pb2+ complex has reasonably fast kinetics of formation (t1/2 = 20 min) at 25 °C and pH 7.4. The Bi3+ and Pb2+ complexes show kinetic stability in 1.2 M HCl (half-lives of 214 min and 47 min, respectively). This is the first description of a macrocycle bearing semicarbazone pendant groups and its utility in coordinating main group metals, specifically those with radiotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn L Lange
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Correia BB, Brown TR, Lee HS, Reibenspies JH, Hancock RD. Mono-N-benzyl cyclen: A highly selective, multi-functional “turn-on” fluorescence sensor for Pb2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Strategies for a fluorescent sensor with receptor and fluorophore designed for the recognition of heavy metal ions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Egorova BV, Fedorova OA, Kalmykov SN. Cationic radionuclides and ligands for targeted therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the already used and potential α- and β-emitting cationic radionuclides for targeted radionuclide therapy. Recent results of laboratory, preclinical and clinical applications of these radionuclides are discussed. As opposed to β-emitters, which are already used in nuclear medicine, α-emitters involved in targeted radiopharmaceuticals were subjected to clinical trials only recently and were found to be therapeutically effective. The review summarizes recent trends in the development of ligands as components of radiopharmaceuticals addressing specific features of short-lived cationic radionuclides applied in medicine. Despite a steadily growing number of chelating ligands, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) remain the most widely used agents in nuclear medicine. The drawbacks of these compounds restrict the application of radionuclides in medicine. Variations in the macrocycle size, the introduction and modification of substituents can significantly improve the chelating ability of ligands, enhance stability of radionuclide complexes with these ligands and eliminate the influence of ligands on the affinity of biological targeting vectors.
The bibliography includes 189 references.
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17
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Synthesis, spectroscopic and X-ray structural characterization of two novel mixed-ligand lead(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Correia BB, Brown TR, Reibenspies JH, Lee H, Hancock RD. Exciplex Formation and Aggregation Induced Emission in Di‐(
N
‐benzyl)cyclen and Its Complexes – Selective Fluorescence with Lead(II), and as the Cadmium(II) Complex, with the Chloride Ion. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Correia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington 28403 Wilmington North Carolina USA
| | - Thomas R. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington 28403 Wilmington North Carolina USA
| | | | - Hee‐Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington 28403 Wilmington North Carolina USA
| | - Robert D. Hancock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington 28403 Wilmington North Carolina USA
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Pujales-Paradela R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Gayoso-Padula A, Brandariz I, Valencia L, Esteban-Gómez D, Platas-Iglesias C. On the consequences of the stereochemical activity of the Bi(iii) 6s2 lone pair in cyclen-based complexes. The [Bi(DO3A)] case. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13830-13842. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of donor atoms in Bi(iii) cyclen derivatives modulates the orientation and activity of the 6s2 lone pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pujales-Paradela
- Universidade da Coruña
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Universidade da Coruña
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Antonella Gayoso-Padula
- Universidade da Coruña
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Isabel Brandariz
- Universidade da Coruña
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Laura Valencia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Pontevedra
- Spain
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Universidade da Coruña
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Universidade da Coruña
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias
- A Coruña
- Spain
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21
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Liu C, Jia J, Liu J, Liang X. Hg selective adsorption on polypropylene-based hollow fiber grafted with polyacrylamide. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0263617416689480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polypropylene hollow fiber membrane with a new function of selective adsorption of mercury ions in aqueous solutions was successfully prepared. The surface of the polypropylene hollow fiber membrane was initially modified with polydopamine by surface polymerization, and subsequently grafted with polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer brush via the surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) technique (thereafter named as PP-PAM). This study investigated the adsorption performance of Hg(II) ions by PP-PAM and the effect of various influencing factors on Hg(II) ion adsorption. The experiment indicated that the Hg(II) adsorption capacity of the PP-PAM increased with the increase of the pH, and the Hg(II) adsorption kinetics was consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model, with the maximum adsorption capacity calculated to be 0.854 mmol/g for Hg(II) ions. The adsorption study in multi-component system indicated that PP-PAM preferentially adsorbs Hg(II) over Pb(II) ions, with significant adsorption capacity difference of the two heavy metal ions. This study provided an efficient method for the preparation of the adsorptive polypropylene hollow fiber membrane, which expands its application for the selective removal of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, P.R. China
| | - Jizhen Jia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, P.R. China
| | - Ji’an Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, P.R. China
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22
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A quantum chemistry evaluation of the stereochemical activity of the lone pair in PbII complexes with sequestering ligands. J Mol Model 2017; 23:24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Harrowfield J, Thuéry P. Lead(ii): Lewis acid and occasional base, as illustrated by its complex with 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate and 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11533-11536. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01975k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding to lead(ii) evidences the Lewis base character of this cation due to its valence shell lone pair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- NIMBE
- CEA
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
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24
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Tropolone as anionic and neutral ligand in lead(II) and bismuth(III) complexes: Synthesis, structure, characterization and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Thompson JR, Snider D, Wren JEC, Kroeker S, Williams VE, Leznoff DB. Correlating Structural Features and207Pb NMR Parameters with the Stereochemical Activity of PbIILone Pairs in Birefringent Pb[2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine] Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive V5A 1S6 Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- 4D LABS; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive V5A 1S6 Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - David Snider
- Department of Chemistry; University of Manitoba; R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - John E. C. Wren
- Department of Chemistry; University of Manitoba; R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Scott Kroeker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Manitoba; R3T 2N2 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Vance E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive V5A 1S6 Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- 4D LABS; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive V5A 1S6 Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive V5A 1S6 Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Unusual coordination modes of ligand 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzene sulfonate: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, thermal and X-ray structural studies of metal 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzene sulfonate complexes, metal = Tl(I), Cu(II), Ag(I) and Pb(II). J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Xin X, Wang J, Gong C, Xu H, Wang R, Ji S, Dong H, Meng Q, Zhang L, Dai F, Sun D. Cyclodextrin-Based Metal-Organic Nanotube as Fluorescent Probe for Selective Turn-On Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells Based on H2S-Involved Coordination Mechanism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21951. [PMID: 26911657 PMCID: PMC4766401 DOI: 10.1038/srep21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been considered as the third biologically gaseous messenger (gasotransmitter) after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Fluorescent detection of H2S in living cells is very important to human health because it has been found that the abnormal levels of H2S in human body can cause Alzheimer’s disease, cancers and diabetes. Herein, we develop a cyclodextrin-based metal-organic nanotube, CD-MONT-2, possessing a {Pb14} metallamacrocycle for efficient detection of H2S. CD-MONT-2′ (the guest-free form of CD-MONT-2) exhibits turn-on detection of H2S with high selectivity and moderate sensitivity when the material was dissolved in DMSO solution. Significantly, CD-MONT-2′ can act as a fluorescent turn-on probe for highly selective detection of H2S in living cells. The sensing mechanism in the present work is based on the coordination of H2S as the auxochromic group to the central Pb(II) ion to enhance the fluorescence intensity, which is studied for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chuanfang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Rongming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Shijie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Hanxiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Chemistry &Chemical and Environmental Engineering College, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Fangna Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
| | - Daofeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
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Lima LMP, Beyler M, Delgado R, Platas-Iglesias C, Tripier R. Investigating the Complexation of the Pb(2+)/Bi(3+) Pair with Dipicolinate Cyclen Ligands. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7045-57. [PMID: 26146022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complexation properties toward Pb(2+) and Bi(3+) of the macrocyclic ligands 6,6'-((1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl)bis(methylene))dipicolinic acid (H2do2pa) and 6,6'-((4,10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl)bis(methylene))dipicolinic acid (H2Me-do2pa) have been investigated. A new three-step synthesis of H2do2pa following the bisaminal methodology has also been developed. The X-ray structures of [Pb(Me-do2pa)]·6H2O and [Bi(Me-do2pa)](NO3)·H2O show that the two metal ions are eight-coordinated by the ligand. The two complexes exist as the racemic Δ(δδδδ)/Λ(λλλλ) mixture both in the solid state and in solution, as indicated by NMR and DFT studies. The stability constants of the lead(II) and bismuth(III) complexes of the two ligands were determined in 0.5 M KCl using potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques. The stability constants determined for the complexes of Pb(2+) are relatively high (log KML = 16.44 and 18.44 for H2do2pa and H2Me-do2pa, respectively) and exceptionally high for the complexes of Bi(3+) (log KML = 32.0 and 34.2 for H2do2pa and H2Me-do2pa, respectively). The [Pb(Me-do2pa)] complex presents rather fast formation and very good kinetic inertness toward transchelation. Additionally, the [Bi(Me-do2pa)](+) complex was found to present a remarkably fast complexation rate (full complexation in ∼2 min at pH 5.0, acetate buffer) and a very good kinetic inertness with respect to metal ion dissociation (half-life of 23.9 min in 1 M HCl), showing promise for potential applications in α-radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M P Lima
- †Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 BREST Cedex 3, France.,‡Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maryline Beyler
- †Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 BREST Cedex 3, France
| | - Rita Delgado
- ‡Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- §Departamento de Química Fundamental, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira-Rúa da Fraga 10, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- †Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR-CNRS 6521, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 BREST Cedex 3, France
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