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Sire C, Meneyrol V, Saffon-Merceron N, Terreno E, Garello F, Tei L, Jestin E, Tripier R, Troadec T. A versatile fluorinated azamacrocyclic chelator enabling 18F PET or 19F MRI: a first step towards new multimodal and smart contrast agents. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13550-13557. [PMID: 39183922 PMCID: PMC11339802 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic chelators play a central role in medical imaging and nuclear medicine owing to their unparalleled metal cation coordination abilities. Their functionalization by fluorinated groups is an attractive design, to combine their properties with those of 18F for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or natural 19F for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and access potential theranostic or smart medical imaging probes. For the first time, a compact fluorinated macrocyclic architecture has been synthesized, based on a cyclen chelator bearing additional pyridine coordinating units and simple methyltrifluoroborate prosthetic groups. This ligand and its corresponding model Zn(ii) complex were investigated to evaluate the 18F-PET or 19F MRI abilities provided by this novel molecular structure. The chelator and the complex were obtained via a simple and high-yielding synthetic route, present excellent solvolytic stability of the trifluoroborate groups at various pH, and provide facile late-stage 18F-radiolabeling (up to 68% radiochemical yield with high activity) as well as a satisfying detection limit for 19F MRI imaging (low mM range).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sire
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
| | - Vincent Meneyrol
- Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI 2 rue Maxime Rivière 97490 Sainte-Clotilde France
| | | | - Enzo Terreno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin Piazza Nizza 44/bis 10126 Turin Italy
| | - Francesca Garello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin Piazza Nizza 44/bis 10126 Turin Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Jestin
- Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI 2 rue Maxime Rivière 97490 Sainte-Clotilde France
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
| | - Thibault Troadec
- Univ. Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu 29200 Brest France
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2
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Rebilly JN, Herrero C, Sénéchal-David K, Guillot R, Banse F. Catalytic oxidation properties of an acid-resistant cross-bridged cyclen Fe(II) complex. Influence of the rigid donor backbone and protonation on the reactivity. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37334566 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00393k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic properties of an iron complex bearing a pentadentate cross-bridged ligand backbone are reported. With H2O2 as an oxidant, it displays moderate conversions in epoxidation and alkane hydroxylation and satisfactory ones in aromatic hydroxylation. Upon addition of an acid to the reaction medium, a significant enhancement in aromatic and alkene oxidation is observed. Spectroscopic analyses showed that accumulation of the expected FeIII(OOH) intermediate is limited under these conditions, unless an acid is added to the mixture. This is ascribed to the inertness induced by the cross-bridged ligand backbone, which is partly reduced under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Noël Rebilly
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Christian Herrero
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Katell Sénéchal-David
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Banse
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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Synthesis and Characterization of Late Transition Metal Complexes of Mono-Acetate Pendant Armed Ethylene Cross-Bridged Tetraazamacrocycles with Promise as Oxidation Catalysts for Dye Bleaching. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010232. [PMID: 36615426 PMCID: PMC9822179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles are known to produce kinetically stable transition metal complexes that can act as robust oxidation catalysts under harsh aqueous conditions. We have synthesized ligand analogs with single acetate pendant arms that act as pentadentate ligands to Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized, including the structural characterization of four Co and Cu complexes. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that multiple oxidation states are stabilized by these rigid, bicyclic ligands. Yet, redox potentials of the metal complexes are modified compared to the "parent" ligands due to the pendant acetate arm. Similarly, gains in kinetic stability under harsh acidic conditions, compared to parent complexes without the pendant acetate arm, were demonstrated by a half-life seven times longer for the cyclam copper complex. Due to the reversible, high oxidation states available for the Mn and Fe complexes, the Mn and Fe complexes were examined as catalysts for the bleaching of three commonly used pollutant model dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange, and Rhodamine B) in water with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The efficient bleaching of these dyes was observed.
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Johnston HM, Freire DM, Mantsorov C, Jamison N, Green KN. Manganese (III/IV) μ-Oxo Dimers and Manganese (III) Monomers with Tetraaza Macrocyclic Ligands and Historically Relevant Open-Chain Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022; 2022:e202200039. [PMID: 36277657 PMCID: PMC9585891 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) located in photosystem II (PSII) of green plants is one of the best-known examples of a manganese-containing enzyme in nature, but it is also used in a range of other biological processes. OEC models incorporate two multi-dentate nitrogen-containing ligands coordinated to a bis-μ-oxo Mn(III,IV) core. Open-chain ligands were the initial scaffold used for biomimetic studies, but their macrocyclic counterparts have proven to be particularly appropriate due to their enhanced stability. Dimer and monomer complexes with such ligands have shown to be useful for a wide range of applications, which will be reviewed herein. The purpose of this review is to state with some clarity the different spectroscopic and structural characteristics of the Mn complexes formed with tetraaza macrocyclic ligands both in solution and solid-state that allow the reader to successfully identified the species involved when dealing with similar complexes of Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Johnston
- Texas Christian University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,2950 W. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - David M Freire
- Texas Christian University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,2950 W. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Christina Mantsorov
- Texas Christian University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,2950 W. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Nena Jamison
- Texas Christian University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,2950 W. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Kayla N Green
- Texas Christian University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,2950 W. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
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Shircliff AD, Allbritton EMA, Davilla DJ, Gorbet MJ, Jones DG, Tresp DS, Allen MB, Shrestha A, Burgess GE, Eze JI, Fernandez AT, Ramirez D, Shoff KJ, Crispin GG, Crone SB, Flinn M, Tran T, Bryce DS, Bond AL, Shockey DW, Oliver AG, Krause JA, Prior TJ, Hubin TJ. Expanding and quantifying the crystal chemistry of the flexible ligand 15aneN5. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01534f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
15aneN5 is structurally characterized complexed to Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co3+, and Cu2+ for the first time. Ru3+ complexation yields a Ru2+ diimine structure. A geometric factor quantifies the coordination geometry of the ligand in its complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Shircliff
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Elisabeth M. A. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Dustin J. Davilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Michael-Joseph Gorbet
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Donald G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - David S. Tresp
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Michael B. Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Alina Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Gwendolyn E. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - John I. Eze
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Andrea T. Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Kody J. Shoff
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Garet G. Crispin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Sarah B. Crone
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Michael Flinn
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Tien Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Darby S. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Abbagale L. Bond
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Dylan W. Shockey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
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Ju H, Horita H, Iwase M, Kaneko N, Yagi KI, Ikeda M, Kuwahara S, Habata Y. Bis-Argentivorous Molecules Bridged by Phenyl and 4,4'-Biphenyl Groups: Structural and Dynamic Behavior of Silver Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15159-15168. [PMID: 34587442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bis-argentivorous molecules (La and Lb), which have phenyl and 4,4'-biphenyl groups as linkers, have been prepared. The structures of Ag+ complexes with the new ligands (La and Lb) were investigated in solution and the solid state. The CSI-MS and 1H NMR titration of La and Lb with Ag+ show 1:1 and 1:2 complexes depending on the [Ag+]:[L] ratios. In the solid-state structures, single crystals of La and Lb with 2 equiv of Ag+ were prepared. X-ray crystallography of the silver(I) complexes with La and Lb showed that an intramolecular racemic structure (Δ(δδδδ)Λ(λλλλ) form) and a racemic mixture of Δ(δδδδ)Δ(δδδδ) and Λ(λλλλ)Λ(λλλλ) forms were formed, respectively. The dynamic 1H NMR studies suggest the following: (i) the activation entropies (ΔS⧧) of the side arm rotations in the Ag+ complex with La were all negative, indicating restricted rotation of the side arms due to their shortness, and (ii) the ΔS⧧ values of the Ag+ complexes with Lb were negative only when the side arms of both cyclens rotated simultaneously, and the ΔS⧧ values for the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes were positive when one cyclen side arm was rotated. These values of ΔS⧧ indicate that the biphenyl side arms between the two cyclens are not long enough to rotate the ring freely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mari Ikeda
- Education Center, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Shibazono, Narashino, Chiba 275-0023, Japan
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7
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Nihei M. Molecular Prussian Blue Analogues: From Bulk to Molecules and Low-dimensional Aggregates. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nihei
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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8
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Liu C, Chen MX, Li M. Synthesis, crystal structures, catalytic application and antibacterial activities of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes bearing salicylaldehyde-imine ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Mewis RE, Archibald SJ. Side-bridged cyclam transition metal complexes bearing a phenolic ether or a phenolate pendent arm. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Cain AN, Carder Freeman TN, Roewe KD, Cockriel DL, Hasley TR, Maples RD, Allbritton EMA, D'Huys T, van Loy T, Burke BP, Prior TJ, Schols D, Archibald SJ, Hubin TJ. Acetate as a model for aspartate-based CXCR4 chemokine receptor binding of cobalt and nickel complexes of cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2785-2801. [PMID: 30729243 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04728f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A number of disease states including WHIM syndrome, HIV infection and cancer have been linked to the chemokine receptor CXCR4. High-affinity CXCR4 antagonist transition metal complexes of configurationally restricted bis-tetraazamacrocyclic ligands have been identified in previous studies. Recently synthesised and structurally characterised Co2+/Co3+ and Ni2+ acetate complexes of mono-macrocycle cross-bridged ligands have been used to mimic their known coordination interaction with the aspartate side chains on binding to CXCR4. Here, X-ray crystal structures for three Co2+/Co3+ acetate complexes and five Ni2+ acetate complexes are presented and demonstrate flexibility in the mode of binding to the acetate ligand concomitantly with the requisite cis-V-configured cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyle. Complexes of the smaller Co3+ metal ion exclusively bind acetate by chelating both oxygens of acetate. Larger Co2+ and Ni2+ metal ions in cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles show a clear tendency to coordinate acetate in a monodentate fashion with a coordinated water molecule completing the octahedral coordination sphere. However, in unbridged tetraazamacrocycle acetate structures reported in the literature, the coordination preference is to chelate both acetate oxygens. We conclude that the short ethylene cross-bridge restricts the equatorial bulk of the macrocycle, prompting the metal ion to fill the equator with the larger monodentate acetate plus water ligand set. In unbridged ligand examples, the flexible macrocycle expands equatorially and generally only allows chelation of the sterically smaller acetate alone. These results provide insight for generation of optimised bis-macrocyclic CXCR4 antagonists utilising cobalt and nickel ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK, USA 73096.
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11
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Lamelas R, Lucio F, Labisbal E, Macías A, Pereira MT, Bastida R, Vila JM, Núñez C. Synthesis, coordination properties and DFT studies of novel trans-disubstituted hexaaza-macrocycles containing pyridine and/or ethyldioxolane arms. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1511780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lamelas
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fátima Lucio
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Labisbal
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Macías
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Pereira
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rufina Bastida
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Vila
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Lugo, Spain
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12
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Brewer SM, Wilson KR, Jones DG, Reinheimer EW, Archibald SJ, Prior TJ, Ayala MA, Foster AL, Hubin TJ, Green KN. Increase of Direct C-C Coupling Reaction Yield by Identifying Structural and Electronic Properties of High-Spin Iron Tetra-azamacrocyclic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8890-8902. [PMID: 30024738 PMCID: PMC7067264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic ligands have been explored extensively as scaffolds for transition metal catalysts for oxygen and hydrogen atom transfer reactions. C-C reactions facilitated using earth abundant metals bound to macrocyclic ligands have not been well-understood but could be a green alternative to replacing the current expensive and toxic precious metal systems most commonly used for these processes. Therefore, the yields from direct Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling of phenylboronic acid and pyrrole to produce 2-phenylpyrrole facilitated by eight high-spin iron complexes ([Fe3+L1(Cl)2]+, [Fe3+L4(Cl)2]+, [Fe2+L5(Cl)]+, [Fe2+L6(Cl)2], [Fe3+L7(Cl)2]+, [Fe3+L8(Cl)2]+, [Fe2+L9(Cl)]+, and [Fe2+L10(Cl)]+) were compared to identify the effect of structural and electronic properties on catalytic efficiency. Specifically, catalyst complexes were compared to evaluate the effect of five properties on catalyst reaction yields: (1) the coordination requirements of the catalyst, (2) redox half-potential of each complex, (3) topological constraint/rigidity, (4) N atom modification(s) increasing oxidative stability of the complex, and (5) geometric parameters. The need for two labile cis-coordination sites was confirmed based on a 42% decrease in catalytic reaction yield observed when complexes containing pentadentate ligands were used in place of complexes with tetradentate ligands. A strong correlation between iron(III/II) redox potential and catalytic reaction yields was also observed, with [Fe2+L6(Cl)2] providing the highest yield (81%, -405 mV). A Lorentzian fitting of redox potential versus yields predicts that these catalysts can undergo more fine-tuning to further increase yields. Interestingly, the remaining properties explored did not show a direct, strong relationship to catalytic reaction yields. Altogether, these results show that modifications to the ligand scaffold using fundamental concepts of inorganic coordination chemistry can be used to control the catalytic activity of macrocyclic iron complexes by controlling redox chemistry of the iron center. Furthermore, the data provide direction for the design of improved catalysts for this reaction and strategies to understand the impact of a ligand scaffold on catalytic activity of other reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Donald G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Eric W. Reinheimer
- Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, 9009 New Trails Drive The Woodlands, TX, United States
| | - Stephen J. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Megan A. Ayala
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Alexandria L. Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, United States
| | - Kayla N. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States
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