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Tan HY, Yeong CH, Wong YH, McKenzie M, Kasbollah A, Md Shah MN, Perkins AC. Neutron-activated theranostic radionuclides for nuclear medicine. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 90-91:55-68. [PMID: 33039974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theranostics in nuclear medicine refers to personalized patient management that involves targeted therapy and diagnostic imaging using a single or combination of radionuclide (s). The radionuclides emit both alpha (α) or beta (β-) particles and gamma (γ) rays which possess therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities, respectively. However, the production of these radionuclides often faces difficulties due to high cost, complexity of preparation methods and that the products are often sourced far from the healthcare facilities, hence losing activity due to radioactive decay during transportation. Subject to the availability of a nuclear reactor within an accessible distance from healthcare facilities, neutron activation is the most practical and cost-effective route to produce radionuclides suitable for theranostic purposes. Holmium-166 (166Ho), Lutetium-177 (177Lu), Rhenium-186 (186Re), Rhenium-188 (188Re) and Samarium-153 (153Sm) are some of the most promising neutron-activated radionuclides that are currently in clinical practice and undergoing clinical research for theranostic applications. The aim of this paper is to review the physical characteristics, current clinical applications and future prospects of these neutron activated radionuclides in theranostics. The production, physical properties, validated clinical applications and clinical studies for each neutron-activated radionuclide suitable for theranostic use in nuclear medicine are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Yee Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Molly McKenzie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Azahari Kasbollah
- Medical Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nazri Md Shah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alan Christopher Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Feng W, Zhang S, Zhong Q, Wang G, Pan X, Xu X, Zhou W, Li T, Luo L, Zhang Y. Soil washing remediation of heavy metal from contaminated soil with EDTMP and PAA: Properties, optimization, and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120997. [PMID: 31476708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil washing is a rapid and efficient remediation technique for soil contaminated by heavy metals. In this study, Cd, Pb, and Zn were removed from contaminated soil by ethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). We then investigated the effect of varying the concentration, pH and duration of the washing processes. Single-factor experiments suggest that the PAA washing process may be dominated by electrostatic adsorption, and is suitable for remediation under weak acid and neutral conditions. Meanwhile, EDTMP remediation might be dominated by chelation, which is favorable in strong acid and alkaline environments. In a quadratic saturation D-optimization design (QSDD), we optimized the washing parameters and further explored the washing mechanism including primary factor, principal effect, interaction effect, and the optimal washing conditions, with simultaneously changing multiple influencing factors. The optimum efficiencies of Cd, Pb, and Zn removal were 92.74%, 96.14%, and 50.76% respectively in EDTMP remediation, and 84.62, 79.24, and 41.66% respectively in PAA remediation. The washing processes effectively reduced the availability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in contaminated soil, without noticeably affecting soil chemical properties. Therefore, the washing incurred little ecological risk. EDTMP and PAA are suitable remediation agents of soil contaminated by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Feng
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Qinmei Zhong
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Pan
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Ling Luo
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Yanzong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
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