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Fandzloch M, Jędrzejewski T, Dobrzańska L, Esteban-Parra GM, Wiśniewska J, Paneth A, Paneth P, Sitkowski J. New organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes with purine analogs - a wide perspective on their biological application. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5557-5573. [PMID: 33908935 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03974h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes containing purine analogs such as triazolopyrimidines of general formula [(η6-p-cym)Ru(L)Cl2], where p-cym represents p-cymene and L is 5,6,7-trimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tmtp for 1), 5,7-diethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (detp for 2) and 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (HmtpO for 3), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C, 15N), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1 and 2). All these complexes have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines as well as L929 murine fibroblast cells, indicating [(η6-p-cym)Ru(HmtpO)Cl2] (3) as the most active representative against the HeLa cell line and simultaneously being 64-fold less toxic to normal L929 murine fibroblast cells than cisplatin. At the same time, 3 has shown antimetastatic activity comparable to NAMI-A against HeLa cells both after 24 and 48 h of treatment in a wound healing assay. In order to better understand the mechanism of anticancer action and differences in the cytotoxic activity of 1-3, the studies were expanded to determining their lipophilicity, the kinetic stability at pH 6.5-8, the effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HeLa cells and interactions with significant biomolecules (DNA and albumin) by using molecular docking and circular dichroism (CD) experiments. Furthermore, antiparasitic studies against L. braziliensis, L. infantum and T. cruzi reveal that the newly synthesized complexes 1-3 are very promising candidates which can compete with commercial antiparasitic drugs. Complex 3 in particular, on top of exhibiting a high antiparasitic effect (IC50 < 1 μM against two strains), reaches a selectivity index >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
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Konovalov DI, Ivanov AA, Frolova TS, Eltsov IV, Gayfulin YM, Plunkett L, Bazzar M, Adawi AM, Bouillard JSG, Baiborodin SI, Sinitsyna OI, Kuratieva NV, Yanshole VV, Efremova OA, Shestopalov MA. Water-Soluble Rhenium Clusters with Triazoles: The Effect of Chemical Structure on Cellular Internalization and the DNA Binding of the Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:13904-13914. [PMID: 32452602 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here we explore the effect of the nature of organic ligands in rhenium cluster complexes [Re6 Q8 L6 ]4- (where Q=S or Se, and L=benzotriazole, 1,2,3-triazole or 1,2,4-triazole) on the biological properties of the complexes, in particular on the cellular toxicity, cellular internalization and localization. Specifically, the study describes the synthesis and detailed characterization of the structure, luminescence and electrochemical properties of the four new Re6 clusters with 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles. Biological assays of these complexes are also discussed in addition to those with benzotriazole using cervical cancer (HeLa) and immortalized human fibroblasts (CRL-4025) as model cell lines. Our study demonstrates that the presence of hydrophobic and π-bonding rich units such as the benzene ring in benzotriazole significantly enhances cellular internalization of rhenium clusters. These ligands facilitate binding of the clusters to DNA, which results in increased cytotoxicity of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Konovalov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton A Ivanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Frolova
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilia V Eltsov
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yakov M Gayfulin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Louis Plunkett
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, G.W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Masoomeh Bazzar
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, G.W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Ali M Adawi
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, G.W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Jean-Sebastien G Bouillard
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, G.W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Sergey I Baiborodin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I Sinitsyna
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Kuratieva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim V Yanshole
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3a Institutskaya st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Efremova
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, G.W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Michael A Shestopalov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Synthesis, structure and biological evaluation of ruthenium(III) complexes of triazolopyrimidines with anticancer properties. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 25:109-124. [PMID: 31741123 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Six novel ruthenium(III) complexes of general formula [RuCl3(L)3] (1,3,5) and [RuCl3(H2O)(L)2] (2,4,6), where L stands for three different triazolopyrimidine-derived ligands, are reported. The compounds have been structurally characterized (IR, EPR, SCXRD), and their magnetic moments have been determined. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed a slightly distorted octahedral geometry of the Ru(III) complexes with mer configuration in 1 and 5, and fac configuration in 3. In 2 and 4, three chloride ions are in mer configuration and the two triazolopyrimidines are oriented trans mutually with the water molecule playing the role of the sixth ligand. All complexes have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, and L929 murine fibroblast cells, uncovering among others that the most lipophilic complexes 5 and 6, containing the bulky ligand dptp (5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine), display high cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, and HeLa cells. Moreover, it was also revealed that during the interaction of the complexes 1-6 with the cancer MCF-7 cell line, reactive oxygen species are released intracellularly, which could indicate that they are involved in cell apoptosis. Furthermore, extensive studies have been carried out to reveal the mechanism by which complexes 1-6 interact with DNA, albumin, and apotransferrin. The biological studies were complemented by detailed kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of the complexes in the pH range 5-8, to determine the stability of the complexes in solution. Six novel ruthenium(III) complexes with triazolopyrimidine derivatives demonstrated the potential for use as anticancer agents by maintaining the toxic effect on MCF-7 and HeLa cells.
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