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Davidson DJ, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Woollins JD, Westwood NJ. The Covalent Linking of Organophosphorus Heterocycles to Date Palm Wood-Derived Lignin: Hunting for New Materials with Flame-Retardant Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:7885. [PMID: 38067614 PMCID: PMC10707890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmentally acceptable and renewably sourced flame retardants are in demand. Recent studies have shown that the incorporation of the biopolymer lignin into a polymer can improve its ability to form a char layer upon heating to a high temperature. Char layer formation is a central component of flame-retardant activity. The covalent modification of lignin is an established technique that is being applied to the development of potential flame retardants. In this study, four novel modified lignins were prepared, and their char-forming abilities were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. The lignin was obtained from date palm wood using a butanosolv pretreatment. The removal of the majority of the ester groups from this heavily acylated lignin was achieved via alkaline hydrolysis. The subsequent modification of the lignin involved the incorporation of an azide functional group and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. These reactions enabled novel organophosphorus heterocycles to be linked to the lignin. Our preliminary results suggest that the modified lignins had improved char-forming activity compared to the controls. 31P and HSQC NMR and small-molecule X-ray crystallography were used to analyse the prepared compounds and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Davidson
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Aidan P. McKay
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
| | - David B. Cordes
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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Ebeid K, Ebnou F, M'haiham M, Carpenter-Warren C, Slawin A, Woollins J, Ben Dhia M, Barry A, Sanhoury M. Synthesis and structural characterization of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ complexes with tripyrrolidinophosphine chalcogenides. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1984436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ebeid
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - F. Ebnou
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - M. M'haiham
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - A.M.Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - J.D. Woollins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - M.T. Ben Dhia
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Coordination Chemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A.H. Barry
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - M.A.K. Sanhoury
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Coordination Chemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Laribi F, Sanhoury MAK, Mechi H, Merlet D, Chehidi I. Synthesis and characterization of new highly fluorinated phosphoramidates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1910847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Laribi
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire de RMN en Milieu Orienté, Université Paris-Sud 11, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, France
| | - M. A. K. Sanhoury
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - H. Mechi
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - D. Merlet
- Laboratoire de RMN en Milieu Orienté, Université Paris-Sud 11, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, France
| | - I. Chehidi
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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M’haiham M, Ebeid K, Ebnou F, Carpenter-Warren CL, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD, Ben Dhia MT, Sanhoury MAK. Synthesis, characterization, and structures of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes with phosphoramides bearing cyclic amino groups. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1731485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M’haiham
- Department of Chemistry, Research Unit in Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Ebeid
- Department of Chemistry, Research Unit in Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Fatimetou Ebnou
- Department of Chemistry, Research Unit in Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | | | | | - Med Taieb Ben Dhia
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Med Abderrahmane K. Sanhoury
- Department of Chemistry, Research Unit in Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Taherzadeh M, Pourayoubi M, Nečas M. The first X-ray crystal structure of a mercury(II) complex with an SP(N)3-based ligand: Synthesis and crystal structure of SP(NC5H10)3 and [Hg{SP(NC5H10)3}Cl2]2. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2018.1487427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Taherzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Pourayoubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marek Nečas
- Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ebnou F, M'Haiham M, Ebeid K, Carpenter-Warren CL, Slawin AM, Woollins JD, Ben Dhia MT, Sanhoury MA. Synthesis, characterization, and structural properties of mercury(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) tripiperidinophosphine chalcogenide complexes. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gouid Z, Sanhoury MAK, Ben Said R, Carpenter-Warren CL, Slawin AMZ, Ben Dhia MT, Woollins JD, Boughdiri S. Synthesis, characterization, structures, and DFT study of zinc(II) complexes with tributylphosphine chalcogenides. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1416357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zied Gouid
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Physico-Chimie des Matériaux à l’Etat Condensé, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M. A. K. Sanhoury
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Unit in Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, UNA, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - R. Ben Said
- Research Unit: Physico-Chimie des Matériaux à l’Etat Condensé, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - M. T. Ben Dhia
- Laboratory of Structural Organic Chemistry: Synthesis and Physicochemical Studies, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - S. Boughdiri
- Research Unit: Physico-Chimie des Matériaux à l’Etat Condensé, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Chemistry, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Mejri A, Fliss O, Alouani K. Bis(aminophosphine) diselenides as chemosensors for heavy metal cations: An electrochemical, spectroscopic and theoretical study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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