1
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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Rentschler M, Boden PJ, Argüello Cordero MA, Steiger ST, Schmid MA, Yang Y, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Karnahl M, Lochbrunner S, Tschierlei S. Unexpected Boost in Activity of a Cu(I) Photosensitizer by Stabilizing a Transient Excited State. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12249-12261. [PMID: 35877171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a slight but surprisingly successful structural modification of the previously reported heteroleptic Cu(I) photosensitizer Cubiipo ([(xantphos)Cu(biipo)]PF6; biipo = 16H-benzo-[4',5']-isoquinolino-[2',1':1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthrolin-16-one). As a key feature, biipo bears a naphthalimide unit at the back, which is directly fused to a phenanthroline moiety to extend the conjugated π-system. This ligand was now altered to include two additional methyl groups at the 2,9-positions at the phenanthroline scaffold. Comparing the novel Cudmbiipo complex to its predecessor, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals the efficient suppression of a major deactivation pathway by stabilization of a transient triplet state. Furthermore, quantitative measurements of singlet oxygen evolution in solution confirmed that a larger fraction of the excited-state population is transferred to the photocatalytically active ligand-centered triplet 3LC state with a much longer lifetime of ∼30 μs compared to Cubiipo (2.6 μs). In addition, Cudmbiipo was compared with the well-established reference complex Cubcp ([(xantphos)Cu(bathocuproine)]PF6) in terms of its photophysical and photocatalytic properties by applying time-resolved femto- and nanosecond absorption, step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and emission spectroscopies. Superior light-harvesting properties and a greatly enhanced excited-state lifetime with respect to Cubcp enable Cudmbiipo to be more active in exemplary photocatalytic applications, i.e., in the formation of singlet oxygen and the isomerization of (E)-stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pit Jean Boden
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Theres Steiger
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Yang Y, Doettinger F, Kleeberg C, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. How the Way a Naphthalimide Unit is Implemented Affects the Photophysical and -catalytic Properties of Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Front Chem 2022; 10:936863. [PMID: 35783217 PMCID: PMC9247301 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the great potential of solar energy conversion this study comprises the evaluation and comparison of two different design approaches for the improvement of copper based photosensitizers. In particular, the distinction between the effects of a covalently linked and a directly fused naphthalimide unit was assessed. For this purpose, the two heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes CuNIphen (NIphen = 5-(1,8-naphthalimide)-1,10-phenanthroline) and Cubiipo (biipo = 16H-benzo-[4′,5′]-isoquinolino-[2′,1′,:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthroline-16-one) were prepared and compared with the novel unsubstituted reference compound Cuphen (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). Beside a comprehensive structural characterization, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, a combination of electrochemistry, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy was used to determine the electrochemical and photophysical properties in detail. The nature of the excited states was further examined by (time-dependent) density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. It was found that CuNIphen exhibits a greatly enhanced absorption in the visible and a strong dependency of the excited state lifetimes on the chosen solvent. For example, the lifetime of CuNIphen extends from 0.37 µs in CH2Cl2 to 19.24 µs in MeCN, while it decreases from 128.39 to 2.6 µs in Cubiipo. Furthermore, CuNIphen has an exceptional photostability, allowing for an efficient and repetitive production of singlet oxygen with quantum yields of about 32%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Yang
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Doettinger
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
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5
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Gimeno L, Queffelec C, Blart E, Pellegrin Y. Copper(I) Bis(diimine) Complexes with High Photooxidation Power: Reductive Quenching of the Excited State with a Benzimidazoline Sacrificial Donor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13112-13119. [PMID: 35474762 PMCID: PMC9026092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reductive quenching of photoexcited photosensitizers is a very efficient way to achieve challenging reduction reactions. In this process, the excited photosensitizer is reduced by a sacrificial electron donor. This mechanism is rarely observed with copper(I) bis(diimine) complexes, which are nevertheless acknowledged as very promising photosensitizers. This is due to the fact that they are very poor photooxidants and prove unable to react with common donors once promoted in their excited state. In this article, we evidence the rare reductive quenching cycle with two specially designed copper(I) complexes. These complexes exhibit improved photooxidation power thanks to an optimized coordination sphere made of strongly π-accepting ligands. Reductive quenching of the excited state of the latter complexes with a classical benzimidazoline sacrificial donor is monitored, and reduced complexes are accumulated during prolonged photolysis. Trials to utilize the photogenerated reductive power are presented.
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6
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Rosko MC, Wells KA, Hauke CE, Castellano FN. Next Generation Cuprous Phenanthroline MLCT Photosensitizer Featuring Cyclohexyl Substituents. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8394-8403. [PMID: 34097407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new long-lived, visible-light-absorbing homoleptic Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) photosensitizer, [Cu(dchtmp)2]PF6 (dchtmp = 2,9-dicyclohexyl-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), has been synthesized, structurally characterized, and evaluated in terms of its molecular photophysics, electrochemistry, and electronic structure. Static and time-resolved transient absorption (TA) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measured on the title compound in CH2Cl2 (τ = 2.6 μs, ΦPL = 5.5%), CH3CN (τ = 1.5 μs, ΦPL = 2.6%), and THF (τ = 2.0 μs, ΦPL = 3.7%) yielded impressive photophysical metrics even when dissolved in Lewis basic solvents. The combined static spectroscopic data along with ultrafast TA experiments revealed that the pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion and intersystem crossing dynamics in the MLCT excited state displayed characteristics of being sterically arrested throughout its evolution. Electrochemical and static PL data illustrate that [Cu(dchtmp)2]PF6 is a potent photoreductant (-1.77 V vs Fc+/0 in CH3CN) equal to or greater than all previously investigated homoleptic Cu(I) diimine complexes. Although we successfully prepared the cyclopentyl analog dcptmp (2,9-dicyclopentyl-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) using the same C-C radical coupling photochemistry as dchtmp, the corresponding Cu(I) complex could not be isolated due to the steric hindrance presented at the metal center. Ultimately, the successful preparation of [Cu(dchtmp)2]+ represents a major step forward for the design and discovery of novel earth-abundant photosensitizers made possible through a newly conceived ligand synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Kaylee A Wells
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Cory E Hauke
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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7
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Chari JV, Spence KA, Susick RB, Garg NK. A platform for on-the-complex annulation reactions with transient aryne intermediates. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3706. [PMID: 34140488 PMCID: PMC8211856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organometallic complexes are ubiquitous in chemistry and biology. Whereas their preparation has historically relied on ligand synthesis followed by coordination to metal centers, the ability to efficiently diversify their structures remains a synthetic challenge. A promising yet underdeveloped strategy involves the direct manipulation of ligands that are already bound to a metal center, also known as chemistry-on-the-complex. Herein, we introduce a versatile platform for on-the-complex annulation reactions using transient aryne intermediates. In one variant, organometallic complexes undergo transition metal-catalyzed annulations with in situ generated arynes to form up to six new carbon-carbon bonds. In the other variant, an organometallic complex bearing a free aryne is generated and intercepted in cycloaddition reactions to access unique scaffolds. Our studies, centered around privileged polypyridyl metal complexes, provide an effective strategy to annulate organometallic complexes and access complex metal-ligand scaffolds, while furthering the synthetic utility of strained intermediates in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason V Chari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katie A Spence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Susick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Rentschler M, Iglesias S, Schmid MA, Liu C, Tschierlei S, Frey W, Zhang X, Karnahl M, Moonshiram D. The Coordination Behaviour of Cu I Photosensitizers Bearing Multidentate Ligands Investigated by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:9527-9536. [PMID: 32162730 PMCID: PMC7496955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A systematic series of four novel homo‐ and heteroleptic CuI photosensitizers based on tetradentate 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands of the type X^N^N^X containing two additional donor moieties in the 2,9‐position (X=SMe or OMe) were designed. Their solid‐state structures were assessed by X‐ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry, UV‐vis absorption, emission and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy were then used to determine their electrochemical, photophysical and structural features in solution. Following, time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the picosecond time scale, coupled with time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, provided in‐depth information on the excited state electron configurations. For the first time, a significant shortening of the Cu−X distance and a change in the coordination mode to a pentacoordinated geometry is shown in the excited states of the two homoleptic complexes. These findings are important with respect to a precise understanding of the excited state structures and a further stabilization of this type of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sirma Iglesias
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Livshits MY, Reeves BJ, DeWeerd NJ, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Rack JJ. Trifluoromethylated Phenanthroline Ligands Reduce Excited-State Distortion in Homoleptic Copper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2781-2790. [PMID: 32049510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and excited-state dynamics for a series of homoleptic copper(I) trifluoromethylated phenanthroline complexes with two, three, and four trifluoromethyl functional groups. Our analysis of the steady-state absorbance and emission, transient-absorption spectroscopy, and electronic-structure-theory calculations results enable in-depth analysis of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion inhibition from increased steric hindrance of the trifluoromethyl functional group relative to the prototypical dimethyl phenanthroline complex. Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that the greatest degree of pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion inhibition is achieved with trifluoromethylation of only the 2 and 9 positions by an unusual combination of steric hindrance and stabilization of a nondistorted 1MLCT manifold observed by transient kinetic lifetimes and optimized excited-state structures. The intersystem-crossing (ISC) lifetime for the 2,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline Cu(I) complex is 69 ps, while the triplet excited-state lifetime and emission quantum yield are 106 ns and 4 × 10-3, respectively. Further trifluoromethylation of the phenanthroline yields a greater σ bond inductive withdrawing force on the phenanthroline nitrogens, ultimately resulting in weaker coordination to the copper. Last, the surprising success of the 2,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline Cu(I) complex by adjusting both ligand sterics and electronic properties outlines a new strategy for developing long-lived Cu(I) charge-transfer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Y Livshits
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Brian J Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Nicholas J DeWeerd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Olga V Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Brown-Xu S, Fumanal M, Gourlaouen C, Gimeno L, Quatela A, Thobie-Gautier C, Blart E, Planchat A, Riobé F, Monnereau C, Chen LX, Daniel C, Pellegrin Y. Intriguing Effects of Halogen Substitution on the Photophysical Properties of 2,9-(Bis)halo-Substituted Phenanthrolinecopper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7730-7745. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brown-Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maria Fumanal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lea Gimeno
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Alessia Quatela
- Horiba France SAS, Avenue de la Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon CS 45002, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Christine Thobie-Gautier
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Aurélien Planchat
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François Riobé
- Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5182, CNRS, Université de Lyon, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5182, CNRS, Université de Lyon, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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11
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Zhang Y, Zedler L, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Excited-state dynamics of heteroleptic copper(i) photosensitizers and their electrochemically reduced forms containing a dipyridophenazine moiety – a spectroelectrochemical transient absorption study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10716-10725. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic copper(i) dipyridophenazine complexes were investigated by transient absorption spectroelectrochemistry to examine their multi-electron photoaccumulation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
| | - Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
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12
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Imidazo-Phenanthroline Ligands as a Convenient Modular Platform for the Preparation of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizers. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capture and storage of solar energy is a promising option to overcome current energy issues. To put such systems into practice, molecular photosensitizers should be based on abundant metals and possess a strong absorption capability for visible light. Therefore, a systematic series of four novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes of the type [(P^P)Cu(N^N)]+ (with P^P = xantphos and N^N = different diimine ligands) has been prepared. As an essential feature, these copper photosensitizers contain an imidazole moiety at the backbone of the diimine ligand, which increases the aromatic π-system compared to phenanthroline type ligands. Moreover, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-imidazo-[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline was used as a starting point and modular platform for gradually extended diimine ligands. Suzuki cross-coupling was applied to introduce different kind of substituents in the back of this ligand. Afterwards, a combination of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis, cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis and emission spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural, electrochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds. As a result, a reversible reduction, strongly increased extinction coefficients and significantly redshifted absorption maxima (>20 nm) were found compared to traditional Cu(I) photosensitizers without an imidazo moiety. Moreover, these compounds show a bright emission in the solid state.
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13
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Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Interaction Mechanism with DNA of Copper(II) Complex Containing 2,2'-Bipyridine. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2018; 2018:8459638. [PMID: 29951088 PMCID: PMC5987339 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8459638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Cu(II) complex [Cu(bipy)(H2O)2(SO4)] n (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine) was synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized structurally by elemental analyses, single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, and thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The Cu(II) was hexacoordinated by two N atoms from bipy, two O atoms from different sulfate radical anions, and two O atoms from two water molecules, forming a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, and bridged by sulfato groups into polymeric chains. Under the condition of physiological pH, the interaction mechanism between the complex and hsDNA was explored with acridine orange as a fluorescence probe by spectroscopic methods. The binding modes between the complex and hsDNA were the electrostatic and embedded modes.
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14
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Moonshiram D, Garrido‐Barros P, Gimbert‐Suriñach C, Picón A, Liu C, Zhang X, Karnahl M, Llobet A. Elucidating the Nature of the Excited State of a Heteroleptic Copper Photosensitizer by using Time‐Resolved X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018; 24:6464-6472. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido‐Barros
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorganica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, C/Marcellí Domingo, s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert‐Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio Picón
- Grupo de Investigacion en Aplicaciones del Laser y Fotonica Universidad de Salamanca 37008 Salamanca Spain
- Departamento de Química, Modulo 13 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Michael Karnahl
- University of Stuttgart Institute of Organic Chemistry Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles Barcelona Spain
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15
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Reim I, Wriedt B, Tastan Ü, Ziegenbalg D, Karnahl M. Impact of the Type of Reactor and the Catalytic Conditions on the Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Using a Fully Noble-Metal-Free System. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Reim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Benjamin Wriedt
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ümit Tastan
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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16
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Zhang Y, Traber P, Zedler L, Kupfer S, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Frey W, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Cu(i) vs. Ru(ii) photosensitizers: elucidation of electron transfer processes within a series of structurally related complexes containing an extended π-system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24843-24857. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The charge transfer behavior of heteroleptic Cu(i) photosensitizers was investigated by spectroelectrochemistry and compared to their structurally related Ru(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
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