Structural characterization and cytotoxic evaluation of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes with herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid

Ultra-sensitive detection of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid herbicide using a porous Co-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate /montmorillonite nanocomposite sensor

The detection of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (CMPA) herbicide is crucial due to the potential health risks linked to exposure through drinking water, air, and food, which may adversely affect liver and kidney functions. To address this environmental concern and promote sustainable agriculture, a sensitive carbon paste sensor incorporating a composite material was developed. The composite sensor is based on porous cobalt-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate metal-organic framework and exfoliated montmorillonite nanolayers (Co-OF/MMt). This sensor enables the voltammetric detection of CMPA in real soil samples using linear sweep adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (LS-AdASV), facilitating early and accurate monitoring of herbicide levels. The Co-OF/MMt nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method involving the precipitation of Co-OF in the presence of MMt. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized materials was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and surface area analysis (BET). The resulting modified carbon paste sensor, utilizing 1.0% Co-OF/MMt nanocomposite, exhibited superior electrochemical properties compared with the bare carbon paste sensor, possessing an electroactive surface area of 1004.1 m2/g with a minimal resistivity (Rct) of 330 Ω. Under standard operating conditions, the developed sensor demonstrated detection limits of 0.03 nM and 0.1 nM across two broad linear ranges (0.03 to 0.10 nM - 0.10 to 1.0 nM) and (0.1 to 1.0 nM - 1.0 to 7.0 nM), respectively, for CMPA determination in both bulk and soil samples. These results pointed out the promising electrochemical modified sensor for the direct and simple detection of certain herbicides in environmental matrices, without the need for sample pretreatment steps. This capability supports sustainable development goals by enhancing effective environmental monitoring.

Amelioration of sodium and arsenic toxicity in Salvinia natans L. with 2,4-D priming through physiological responses

Sodium (Na) and arsenic (As) toxicity were monitored by hyperaccumulation of metals in Salvinia natans L. with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) induction. Salvinia was recorded with significant bioaccumulation of those metals with de-folding of cellular attributes in sustenance under toxic environment. 2,4-D priming has revised the growth components like net assimilation rate and relative water content to register initial plants' survival against Na and As. Proline biosynthesis supported in the maintenance of osmotic adjustment and plants sustained better activity through subdued electrolytic leakage. Oxidative stress due to both Na and As exposure is responsible for induction under significant moderation of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonization by 2,4-D application was evident to release the stress from metal and metalloids. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were monitored with activity of NADP(H)-oxidase. However, it was downregulated by 2,4-D to check the oxidative damages. Superoxide dismutase and peroxidases were significantly moderated to reduce the oxidative degradation for both metals with 2,4-D induction. Glutathione metabolism and recycling of ascorbate with monodehydroascorbate activity were other features to maintain the redox homeostasis for metal toxicity. At the molecular level, polymorphic variations of concern genes in redox cascades demarked significantly for those two metals and established the biomarker for those metals, respectively. As a whole, the biocompatibility of auxin herbicide in Salvinia may raise the possibility for auxin metabolism and thereby, the bioaccumulation to Na and As vis-à-vis tolerance for ecological safety is established.