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Ghalavand R, Ghafuri H, Ardeshiri HH. Preparation of nanodiamond anchored on copper tannic acid as a heterogenous catalyst for synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepines derivatives. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8655. [PMID: 38622185 PMCID: PMC11018864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, a new and eco-friendly heterogeneous catalyst (ND@Tannicacid-Cu) was synthesized based on nanodiamond and copper tannic acid via esterification process. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The catalytic efficacy of the intended catalyst was examined by one-step three-component reaction of 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives from a mixture of ortho-phenylenediamine, aromatic aldehydes, and dimedone under mild conditions. In all instances, corresponding 2,4-benzodiazepines derivatives were synthesized with high efficiency, short reaction time, straightforward work up procedure, no requirement for column-chromatography, and cost-effective catalyst. The heterogeneous catalyst was easily recycled using fillers, and it can be reused for eight cycles without significantly diminishing its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghalavand
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghafuri
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Hadi Hassani Ardeshiri
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
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2
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Mohammad Aminzadeh F, Zeynizadeh B. Immobilized nickel boride nanoparticles on magnetic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: a new nanocomposite for the efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepines. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4499-4520. [PMID: 37638163 PMCID: PMC10448344 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00415e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new magnetic nanocomposite consisting of Ni2B nanoparticles anchored on magnetic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4/f-MWCNT/Ni2B) was synthesized and characterized using various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, SEM-based EDX, SEM-based elemental mapping, HRTEM, DLS, SAED, XPS, BET, TGA, and VSM. The as-prepared magnetic nanocomposite was successfully employed for the preparation of bioactive 1,4-benzodiazepines from the three-component reaction of o-phenylenediamine (1), dimedone (2), and different aldehydes (3), in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as a solvent at 60 °C. The obtained results demonstrated that the current one-pot three-component protocol offers many advantages, such as good-to-excellent yields within acceptable reaction times, favorable TONs and TOFs, eco-friendliness of the procedure, easy preparation of the nanocomposite, mild reaction conditions, a broad range of products, excellent catalytic activity, green solvent, and reusability of the nanocomposite.
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Kermanizadeh S, Naeimi H, Mousavi S. An efficient and eco-compatible multicomponent synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazole derivatives using modified-silica-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with tungstic acid. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1257-1267. [PMID: 36607334 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study has been to offer a method for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazole derivatives based on green chemistry principles. Therefore, a one-pot multicomponent cyclocondensation reaction through aldehyde interaction with ammonium acetate and 1,2-diketone under solvent-free conditions was utilized as an eco-effective synthetic route using CoFe2O4@SiO2@(-CH2)3OWO3H NPs as the catalyst. The stabilized tungstic acid on 3-chloropropyl-anchored SiO2-coated CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles was designed, prepared, and applied as a recyclable heterogeneous acid catalyst to attain high product yield in a short reaction time. The nanocatalyst structure was confirmed using FT-IR, Raman, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, VSM, and TGA techniques, and the organic product structures were examined by melting point, FT-IR and 1H NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan Kermanizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, 87317, I. R. Iran.
| | - Hossein Naeimi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, 87317, I. R. Iran.
| | - Setareh Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, 87317, I. R. Iran.
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Teli S, Teli P, Soni S, Sahiba N, Agarwal S. Synthetic aspects of 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines using o-phenylenediamine: a study of past quinquennial. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3694-3714. [PMID: 36756601 PMCID: PMC9890949 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines, seven-membered heterocyclic compounds having two nitrogen atoms at different positions, are ruling scaffolds in the area of pharmaceutical industry. They act as cardinal moieties in organic synthesis as well as in medicinal chemistry. Among the different benzodiazepines, 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines play a far-reaching role in the field of biological activities such as anticonvulsion, anti-anxiety, sedation, and hypnotics. In the past few decades, researchers have conducted a lot of work on these moieties and developed broad, valuable, and significant approaches for their synthesis. In this review article, we recapitulate the systematic synthetic strategies of 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines using o-phenylenediamine as a precursor over the past five years (2018-2022). This article will be helpful for scientists and researchers to examine and explore novel and efficient methods for the synthesis of these biologically active moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Teli
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Pankaj Teli
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Shivani Soni
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Nusrat Sahiba
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
| | - Shikha Agarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan India
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Masram LB, Salim SS, Gadkari YU, Bhadke PB, Telvekar VN. β-cyclodextrin: Green catalyst for the efficient and expeditious synthesis of benzodiazepines under aqueous conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2129389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liklesha B. Masram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Simren S. Salim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Yatin U. Gadkari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka B. Bhadke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikas N. Telvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Mishra R, Sharma AK, Kumar R, Baweja V, Mothsra P, Singh MK, Yadav SB. Solid support based synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines: A mini review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.2024855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, India
| | - Varsha Baweja
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Mothsra
- Department of Chemistry, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Manoj K. Singh
- Rajkiya Engineering College, Banda, Atarra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Farhid H, Khodkari V, Nazeri MT, Javanbakht S, Shaabani A. Multicomponent reactions as a potent tool for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3318-3358. [PMID: 33899847 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs), a diverse class of benzofused seven-membered N-heterocycles, display essential pharmacological properties and play vital roles in some biochemical processes. They have mainly been prescribed as potential therapeutic agents, which interestingly represent various biological activities such as anticancer, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, muscle relaxant, and antimicrobial activities. The extensive biological activities of BZDs in various fields have encouraged medicinal chemists to discover and design novel BZD-based scaffolds as potential therapeutic candidates with the favorite biological activity through an efficient protocol. Although certainly valuable and important, conventional synthetic routes to these bicyclic benzene compounds contain methodologies often requiring multistep procedures, which suffer from waste materials generation and lack of sustainability. By contrast, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have recently advanced as a green synthetic strategy for synthesizing BZDs with the desired scope. In this regard, MCRs, especially Ugi and Ugi-type reactions, efficiently and conveniently supply various complex synthons, which can easily be converted to the BZDs via suitable post-transformations. Also, MCRs, especially Mannich-type reactions, provide speedy and economic approaches for the one-pot and one-step synthesis of BZDs. As a result, various functionalized-BZDs have been achieved by developing mild, efficient, and high-yielding MCR protocols. This review covers all aspects of the synthesis of BZDs with a particular focus on the MCRs as well as the mechanism chemistry of synthetic protocols. The present manuscript opens a new avenue for organic, medicinal, and industrial chemists to design safe, environmentally benign, and economical methods for the synthesis of new and known BZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Farhid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vida Khodkari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Nazeri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran. and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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8
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Sadjadi S, Koohestani F. Bentonite with high loading of ionic liquid: A potent non-metallic catalyst for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Zhang K, Li J, Wang K, An X, Wang L. Atom‐economical Approaches to 1,5‐Benzodiazepines Containing Indole Ring via Fe
3
O
4
@SiO
2
‐PTSA‐catalyzed Multi‐component Domino Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KaiYue Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - KaiXuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying An
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - LanZhi Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang Hebei People's Republic of China
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Naghizadeh A, Mohammadi-Aghdam S, Mortazavi-Derazkola S. Novel CoFe 2O 4@ZnO-CeO 2 ternary nanocomposite: Sonochemical green synthesis using Crataegus microphylla extract, characterization and their application in catalytic and antibacterial activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104194. [PMID: 32890997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, CoFe2O4@ZnO-CeO2 magnetic nanocomposite (CoFe@Zn-Ce MNC) was successfully prepared by facile sonochemical method for the first time. CoFe@Zn-Ce MNC was obtained by green and cost-effective process in the presence of Crataegus microphylla (C. microphylla) fruit extract. Influence of some parameters like capping agents (C. microphylla, SDS and CTAB), sonication time (10, 30 and 60 min) and sonication power (40, 60 and 80 W) were studied to achieve optimum condition. The as-obtained products were characterized by FT-IR, FESEM, TEM, DRS, VSM, EDS, TGA and XRD analysis. Results showed that high magnetic properties (20.38 emug-1), 70-80 nm size and spherical morphology were unique characteristics of synthesized nanocomposite. Antibacterial activity of CoFe@Zn-Ce MNC was examined against E. coli, P. aeruginoss and S. aureus bacteria. Among theme, S. aureus as gram-positive bacteria showed excellent antibacterial activity. Furthermore, photocatalytic performance of the CoFe@Zn-Ce MNC was investigated by degradation of humic acid (HA) molecules under visible and UV light irradiations. The influence of morphology of products and incorporation of cerium oxide with CoFe2O4@ZnO on photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4@ZnO was performed. After 100 min illumination, the decomposition of HA pollutant by magnetic nanocomposite were 97.2% and 72.4% under exposure of UV and visible light irradiations, respectively. Also, CoFe@Zn-Ce MNC demonstrated high stability in the cycling decomposition experiment after six times cycling runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Naghizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Sobhan Mortazavi-Derazkola
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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11
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Synthesis and characterization of CoFe2O4@SiO2-polyethyleneimine magnetic nanoparticle and its application for ultrasonic-assisted removal of disulfine blue dye from aqueous solution. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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12
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Hazai V, Szabó T, Volk B, Milen M. Propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®)-mediated three-component synthesis of hexahydrodibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-1-one derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Arora N, Dhiman P, Kumar S, Singh G, Monga V. Recent advances in synthesis and medicinal chemistry of benzodiazepines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103668. [PMID: 32106040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) represent a diverse class of bicyclic heterocyclic molecules. In the last few years, benzodiazepines have emerged as potential therapeutic agents. As a result, several mild, efficient and high yielding protocols have been developed that offer access to various functionalized benzodiazepines (BZDs). They are known to possess a wide array of biological activities such as anxiolytic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antipsychotics, muscle relaxant, anti-tuberculosis, and antimicrobial activities. The fascinating spectrum of biological activities exhibited by BZDs in various fields has prompted the medicinal chemist to design and discover novel benzodiazepine-based analogs as potential therapeutic candidates with the desired biological profile. In this review, an attempt has been made by to summarize (1) Recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of benzodiazepines which enable their synthesis with desired substitution pattern; (2) Medicinal chemistry of BZDs as therapeutic candidates with promising biological profile including insight of mechanistic studies; (3) The correlation of biological data with the structure i.e. structure-activity relationship studies were also included to provide an insight into the rational design of more active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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Brahmbhatt GC, Sutariya TR, Atara HD, Parmar NJ, Gupta VK, Lagunes I, Padrón JM, Murumkar PR, Yadav MR. New pyrazolyl-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepinones: room temperature one-pot synthesis and biological evaluation. Mol Divers 2019; 24:355-377. [PMID: 31127460 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several new (5-aryloxy-pyrazolyl)- and (5-aryl/olefin-sulfanyl-pyrazolyl)-dibenzo[b,e] [1,4] diazepinone scaffolds have been synthesized, by assembling 5-substituted 3-methyl-1-phenyl-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes of varied nature with different cyclic diketones and aromatic diamines successfully in the presence of indium chloride in acetonitrile, at room temperature. Desired products are excellent in the purity and isolated without chromatography. All new structures are confirmed, on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of representative 29e. Compounds reported in the present work revealed good antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities with promising FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), bacterial resistance and human solid tumor cell growth inhibitory values, respectively. Compounds 25c and 29e, overall, registered good to moderate activity against A549 (lung), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung) T-47D (breast) and WiDr (colon) cell lines, with GI50 values in the 2.6-5.1 μM and 1.8-7.5 μM ranges, respectively. Molecular docking was carried out to elucidate the binding modes of the compounds (25c, 29e) to topoisomerase I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurangkumar C Brahmbhatt
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Dist. Anand, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Tushar R Sutariya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Dist. Anand, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Hiralben D Atara
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Dist. Anand, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Narsidas J Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Dist. Anand, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India.
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu, Tawi, 180006, India
| | - Irene Lagunes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica ''Antonio González'' (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica ''Antonio González'' (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Prashant R Murumkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
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