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Andrady AL, Barnes PW, Bornman JF, Gouin T, Madronich S, White CC, Zepp RG, Jansen MAK. Oxidation and fragmentation of plastics in a changing environment; from UV-radiation to biological degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158022. [PMID: 35970458 PMCID: PMC9765214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fate of plastics in the environment is of critical importance for the quantitative assessment of the biological impacts of plastic waste. Specially, there is a need to analyze in more detail the reputed longevity of plastics in the context of plastic degradation through oxidation and fragmentation reactions. Photo-oxidation of plastic debris by solar UV radiation (UVR) makes material prone to subsequent fragmentation. The fragments generated following oxidation and subsequent exposure to mechanical stresses include secondary micro- or nanoparticles, an emerging class of pollutants. The paper discusses the UV-driven photo-oxidation process, identifying relevant knowledge gaps and uncertainties. Serious gaps in knowledge exist concerning the wavelength sensitivity and the dose-response of the photo-fragmentation process. Given the heterogeneity of natural UV irradiance varying from no exposure in sediments to full UV exposure of floating, beach litter or air-borne plastics, it is argued that the rates of UV-driven degradation/fragmentation will also vary dramatically between different locations and environmental niches. Biological phenomena such as biofouling will further modulate the exposure of plastics to UV radiation, while potentially also contributing to degradation and/or fragmentation of plastics independent of solar UVR. Reductions in solar UVR in many regions, consequent to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments for protecting stratospheric ozone, will have consequences for global UV-driven plastic degradation in a heterogeneous manner across different geographic and environmental zones. The interacting effects of global warming, stratospheric ozone and UV radiation are projected to increase UV irradiance at the surface in localized areas, mainly because of decreased cloud cover. Given the complexity and uncertainty of future environmental conditions, this currently precludes reliable quantitative predictions of plastic persistence on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environmental Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - T Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of BEES, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Andrady AL. Weathering and fragmentation of plastic debris in the ocean environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113761. [PMID: 35665618 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of plastic macro-debris into secondary microplastics [MPs] is primarily the result of their extensive oxidation under exposure to solar UV radiation. The heterogeneity in the marine zones with respect to their oxidative potential for plastics, introduces a marked zonal bias in their ability to carry out weathering and fragmentation. Comparing the oxidative environments of the beach zone and the upper pelagic zone with floating plastics, it is argued that the latter tends to preclude photooxidative fragmentation. Abundant MPs found in seawater are therefore more likely to have originated on beaches or land and subsequently transferred to the water, as opposed to being generated by weathering of floating plastic stock. Laboratory-accelerated weathering of plastics in seawater obtains efficient micro-fragmentation and in some instances photo- dissolution of the plastic debris, but these results cannot be reliably extrapolated to natural weathering conditions in the ocean environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.
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Pérez Velasco EA, Betancourt Galindo R, Valdez Aguilar LA, González Fuentes JA, Puente Urbina BA, Lozano Morales SA, Sánchez Valdés S. Effects of the Morphology, Surface Modification and Application Methods of ZnO-NPs on the Growth and Biomass of Tomato Plants. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061282. [PMID: 32178255 PMCID: PMC7144011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture include reduced fertilizer loss, improved seed germination rate and increased crops quality and yield. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), at 1500 ppm, on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth. ZnO-NPs were synthetized to produce either spherical or hexagonal morphologies. In this research, we also studied two application methods (foliar and drench) and nanoparticles’ (NPs) surface modification with maltodextrin. The results obtained indicate that ZnO-NP-treated tomato plants significantly increased plant height, stem diameter and plant organs (leaves, stem and root) dry weight compared to plants without NP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneida A. Pérez Velasco
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo C.P. 25315, Coah, Mexico; (E.A.P.V.); (L.A.V.A.); (J.A.G.F.)
| | - Rebeca Betancourt Galindo
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo C.P. 25294, Coah, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +844-4389830 (ext. 1400)
| | - Luis A. Valdez Aguilar
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo C.P. 25315, Coah, Mexico; (E.A.P.V.); (L.A.V.A.); (J.A.G.F.)
| | - José A. González Fuentes
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo C.P. 25315, Coah, Mexico; (E.A.P.V.); (L.A.V.A.); (J.A.G.F.)
| | - Bertha A. Puente Urbina
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo C.P. 25294, Coah, Mexico;
| | - Samuel A. Lozano Morales
- Departamento de Síntesis de Polímeros, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo C.P. 25294, Coah, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Sánchez Valdés
- Departamento de Procesos de Transformación de Plásticos, Centro de investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo C.P. 25294, Coah, Mexico;
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Yang H, He P, Cheng H, Shentu B. Preparation of a Nano-TiO2-Loaded Antioxidant and Its Anti-aging Performance against UV/O3 in Thermoplastic Vulcanizates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ping He
- Hangzhou Kewang Special Ink Company, Ltd., 3 Yufeng Road, Hangzhou 311122, China
| | - Henglun Cheng
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Baoqing Shentu
- State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Bendjaouahdou C, Bensaad S. Aging studies of a polypropylene and natural rubber blend. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-018-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Arita S, Yamaguchi K, Motokucho S, Nakatani H. Selective decomposition of hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene with a photo and thermal hybrid treatment system. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Massardier V, Louizi M. Photodegradation of a polypropylene filled with lanthanide complexes. POLIMEROS 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Molka Louizi
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, France
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Gallo R, Severini F. Course of the changes in thick and thin isotactic polypropylene samples subjected to natural aging. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fernandes LL, Freitas CAD, Demarquette NR, Fechine GJM. Estudo do efeito do tipo de polipropileno na fotodegradação da blenda polipropileno/poliestireno de alto impacto. POLIMEROS 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282012005000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este trabalho visa avaliar a influência do tipo de polipropileno no comportamento da blenda polipropileno/poliestireno de alto impacto (PP/HIPS) quando exposta à radiação UV. Foram usados uma resina virgem de PP (PPv) e outra reprocessada (PPrep). Inicialmente, avaliou-se o comportamento individual dos componentes da blenda, HIPS, PPv e PPrep, quando submetidos à radiação UV por até 15 semanas de exposição. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas para monitorar o desempenho tanto das resinas individualmente quanto das blendas submetidas à radiação UV foram: propriedades mecânicas (tração e impacto), medidas de índice de fluidez (MFI), análise térmica (DSC), espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A partir dos resultados com essas técnicas verificou-se que o PPv foi a resina mais afetada pela radiação e consequentemente as blendas preparadas com esse PP também foram mais sensíveis à fotodegradação do que as demais. Em termos de fotoestabilização este resultado mostra-se interessante, já que as blendas PP/HIPS preparadas com uma resina previamente degradada necessitariam de menores teores de aditivos do que esse mesmo tipo de blenda preparada com resina virgem.
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Zhang X, Pi H, Guo S. The mechanism for inorganic fillers accelerating and inhibiting the UV irradiation aging behaviors of rigid poly(vinyl chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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UV stability of HMS-PP (high melt strength polypropylene) obtained by radiation process. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fechine G, Christensen P, Egerton T, White J. Evaluation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) photostabilisation using FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lucas N, Bienaime C, Belloy C, Queneudec M, Silvestre F, Nava-Saucedo JE. Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:429-442. [PMID: 18723204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Within the frame of the sustainable development, new materials are being conceived in order to increase their biodegradability properties. Biodegradation is considered to take place throughout three stages: biodeterioration, biofragmentation and assimilation, without neglect the participation of abiotic factors. However, most of the techniques used by researchers in this area are inadequate to provide evidence of the final stage: assimilation. In this review, we describe the different stages of biodegradation and we state several techniques used by some authors working in this domain. Validate assimilation (including mineralisation) is an important aspect to guarantee the real biodegradability of items of consumption (in particular friendly environmental new materials). The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles. Finally, we give a perspective to use the natural labelling of stable isotopes in the environment, by means of a new methodology based on the isotopic fractionation to validate assimilation by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lucas
- Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, 80025 Amiens Cedex 1, France
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White J, Shyichuk A. Effect of stabilizer on scission and crosslinking rate changes during photo-oxidation of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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White J, Shyichuk A, Turton T, Syrotynska I. Effect of stabilizer and pigment on photodegradation of polypropylene as revealed by macromolecule scission and crosslinking measurements. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhao H, Li RK. A study on the photo-degradation of zinc oxide (ZnO) filled polypropylene nanocomposites. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Craig I, White J, Kin PC. Crystallization and chemi-crystallization of recycled photo-degraded polypropylene. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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