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Qin J, Lu H. A review of self-cleaning coatings for solar photovoltaic systems: theory, materials, preparation, and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91591-91616. [PMID: 37498426 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic power generation is developing rapidly with the approval of The Paris Agreement in 2015. However, there are many dust deposition problems that occur in desert and plateau areas. Traditional cleaning methods such as manual cleaning and mechanical cleaning are unstable and produce a large economic burden. Therefore, self-cleaning coatings, which have unique mechanisms and high adaptability, have attracted wide attention in the photovoltaic industry and scientific community, especially the super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coatings. The paper systematically reviewed the theory, materials, preparation, and applications of the super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coatings on the photovoltaic modules. Super-hydrophobic materials such as organosilicon compounds, fluorinated polymers, and some inorganic materials are popular. TiO2 is widely used to prepare super-hydrophilic coatings on glass covers of photovoltaic panels due to its good photocatalytic activity. CVD-based surface treatment is suitable for preparing photovoltaic self-cleaning surfaces. These methods prepare self-cleaning surfaces by reacting gaseous substances with hot surfaces and depositing them on the surface. They are efficient but difficult to control accuracy. When applied to photovoltaic modules, it is crucial to consider the factors such as self-cleaning, transparency, anti-reflection, anti-icing, and durability. In future research, it is significant to improve the transparency, durability, and self-cleaning properties of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Laboratory of Energy Carbon Neutrality, School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Laboratory of Energy Carbon Neutrality, School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Northwest Energy Carbon Neutrality, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
- Center of New Energy Research, School of Future Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
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2
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Obrová K, Vaňková E, Sláma M, Hodek J, Khun J, Ulrychová L, Nogueira F, Laos T, Sponseiler I, Kašparová P, Machková A, Weber J, Scholtz V, Lion T. Decontamination of High-Efficiency Mask Filters From Respiratory Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2 by Non-thermal Plasma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:815393. [PMID: 35237577 PMCID: PMC8883054 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.815393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic resulted in a rapidly increasing demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) initially leading to severe shortages of these items. Hence, during an unexpected and fast virus spread, the possibility of reusing highly efficient protective equipment could provide a viable solution for keeping both healthcare professionals and the general public equipped and protected. This requires an efficient decontamination technique that preserves functionality of the sensitive materials used for PPE production. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a decontamination technique with documented efficiency against select bacterial and fungal pathogens combined with low damage to exposed materials. We have investigated NTP for decontamination of high-efficiency P3 R filters from viral respiratory pathogens in comparison to other commonly used techniques. We show that NTP treatment completely inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and three other common human respiratory viruses including Influenza A, Rhinovirus and Adenovirus, revealing an efficiency comparable to 90°C dry heat or UVC light. Unlike some of the tested techniques (e.g., autoclaving), NTP neither influenced the filtering efficiency nor the microstructure of the filter. We demonstrate that NTP is a powerful and economic technology for efficient decontamination of protective filters and other sensitive materials from different respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Obrová
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Division Molecular Microbiology, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Klára Obrová, ; Thomas Lion,
| | - Eva Vaňková
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sláma
- Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Khun
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ulrychová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University, Faculty of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filomena Nogueira
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Division Molecular Microbiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Triin Laos
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Division Molecular Microbiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Sponseiler
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Division Molecular Microbiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Kašparová
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Machková
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Lion
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Division Molecular Microbiology, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Klára Obrová, ; Thomas Lion,
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Scratch Properties of Clear Coat for Automotive Coating Comprising Molecular Necklace Crosslinkers with Silane Functional Groups for Various Environmental Factors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223933. [PMID: 34833233 PMCID: PMC8625055 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Automotive coatings, which comprise multiple layers, i.e., primer, base coating, and clear coat layers, are exposed to various environmental conditions that pose various types of damages to them. In particular, the outer layer of the automotive coating, i.e., the clear coat, is affected significantly by such damages. Therefore, a reliable and durable clear coat must be developed to improve the appearance of automobiles. In this study, a new clear coat based on an acrylic-based clear coat modified using polyrotaxane crosslinkers, which are necklace-shaped supramolecules composed of ring-shaped host molecules, is developed and characterized. The effects of polyrotaxane and silane on the scratch properties and mechanisms of the clear coating are analyzed. It is observed that the critical loads of the clear coat from scratch tests can be improved by adding optimal molecular necklace crosslinkers comprising silane functional groups. The improvement in the scratch properties of the modified acrylic-based clear coat may be attributed to the crosslinking characteristics and dynamic molecular movements of the polyrotaxane. In addition, the effects of environmental factors on the scratch characteristics of the modified acrylic-based clear coat are investigated by addressing the scratch durability of the clear coat.
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Masry M, Rossignol S, Gardette JL, Therias S, Bussière PO, Wong-Wah-Chung P. Characteristics, fate, and impact of marine plastic debris exposed to sunlight: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112701. [PMID: 34245992 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increase of plastic production from the middle of the twentieth century was inevitably followed by an increase in the amount of plastic dumped in the natural environment. There, the plastic debris are exposed to sunlight, temperature, humidity, and physical stress. This can induce photo-oxidative and thermal degradation. This review discusses the mechanism of plastics UV weathering and its characteristics. Comparison of the photodegradation rate and physico-chemical properties are made according to the weathering mode (natural/accelerated) and medium (air/water). Since the photodegradation can lead to plastics fragmentation, this phenomenon is described along with the methodologies used in literature to evaluate the fragmentation. The impact of the photodegraded plastic debris on the marine environment is also presented in term of (i) photodegradation products and stabilizers leakage, (ii) organic pollutants accumulation, transfer, and leakage, and (iii) toxicity on marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Masry
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Jean-Luc Gardette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6296, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière cedex, France.
| | - Sandrine Therias
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6296, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière cedex, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Bussière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6296, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière cedex, France.
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Markedly improved photo-oxidation stability of α form isotactic polypropylene with nodular morphology. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Farr N, Pashneh‐Tala S, Stehling N, Claeyssens F, Green N, Rodenburg C. Characterizing Cross‐Linking Within Polymeric Biomaterials in the SEM by Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900484. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farr
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Samand Pashneh‐Tala
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicola Stehling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicola Green
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico MedicineThe Pam Liversidge BuildingSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Synthesis, physical properties and photodegradation of functional poly(butylene succinate) covalently linking UV stabilizing moieties in molecular chains. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
We observed the anti-UV action of beetroot extract in an ultra-high molecular weight (UHMWPE) matrix. The beetroot extract and the one prepared from annatto seed also acted efficiently as pigment to the same polymeric matrix. Neat UHMWPE and UHMWPE compounded with annatto and beet extract were compression molded and tensile specimens were obtained from the molded plates and submitted to UV radiation for up to 42 days. Tensile tests were performed and it was observed that the beet extract had a stabilizing action in the polymer compared to neat polymer and the one with annatto extract. Complementary analyses showed good homogenization of the extracts through the polymer matrix indicating the possibility of use as pigment, although the annatto extract appeared to be very unstable under irradiation. Spectroscopic characterization helped to explain the stability of the extracts before and after molding.
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Effects of Surface Modification and Bulk Geometry on the Biotribological Behavior of Cross-Linked Polyethylene: Wear Testing and Finite Element Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:435432. [PMID: 26583106 PMCID: PMC4637033 DOI: 10.1155/2015/435432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The wear and creep deformation resistances of polymeric orthopedic bearing materials are both important for extending their longevity. In this study, we evaluated the wear and creep deformation resistances, including backside damage, of different polyethylene (PE) materials, namely, conventional PE, cross-linked PE (CLPE), and poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl
phosphorylcholine)- (PMPC-) grafted CLPE, through wear tests and finite element analysis. The gravimetric and volumetric degrees of wear of disks (3 or 6 mm in thickness) of these materials against a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy pin were examined using a multidirectional pin-on-disk tester. Cross-linking and PMPC grafting decreased the gravimetric wear of the PE disks significantly. The volumetric wear at the bearing surface and the volumetric penetration in the backside of the 3-mm thick PE disk were higher than those of the 6-mm thick PE disk, regardless of the bearing material. The geometrical changes induced in the PE disks consisted of creep, because the calculated internal von Mises stress at the bearing side of all disks and that at the backside of the 3-mm thick disks exceeded their actual yield strengths. A highly hydrated bearing surface layer, formed by PMPC grafting, and a cross-linking-strengthened substrate of adequate thickness are essential for increasing the wear and creep deformation resistances.
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Lee EK, Eun K, Ahn YS, Kim YT, Chon MW, Choa SH. Alternative Sintering Technology of Printed Nanoparticles for Roll-to-Roll Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.6117/kmeps.2014.21.4.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Kyomoto M, Moro T, Yamane S, Hashimoto M, Takatori Y, Ishihara K. Effect of UV-irradiation intensity on graft polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine on orthopedic bearing substrate. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3012-23. [PMID: 24124003 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) onto cross-linked polyethylene (CLPE) was investigated for its ability to reduce the wear of orthopedic bearings. We investigated the effect of UV-irradiation intensity on the extent of poly(MPC) (PMPC) grafting, and found that it increased with increasing intensity up to 7.5 mW/cm(2), and the remained fairly constant. It was found to be extremely important to carefully control the UV intensity, as at higher values, a PMPC gel formed via homopolymerization of the MPC, resulting in the formation of cracks at the interface of the PMPC layer and the CLPE substrate. When the CLPE was exposed to UV-irradiation during the graft polymerization process, some of its physical and mechanical properties were slightly changed due to cross-linking and scission effects in the surface region; however, the results of all of the tests exceed the lower limits of the ASTM standards. Modification of the CLPE surface with the hydrophilic PMPC layer increased lubrication to levels that match articular cartilage. The highly hydrated thin PMPC films mimicked the native cartilage extracellular matrix that covers synovial joint surface, acting as an extremely efficient lubricant, and providing high-wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kyomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Division of Science for Joint Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Research Department, KYOCERA Medical Corporation, 3-3-31, Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0003, Japan
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Kinetic effects of silica nanoparticles on thermal and radiation stability of polyolefins. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-1001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Gallo R, Severini F. Course of the changes in thick and thin isotactic polypropylene samples subjected to natural aging. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D, Hiskakis M, Babou E. Analysis of photo-chemical degradation behaviour of polyethylene mulching film with pro-oxidants. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang X, Pi H, Guo S. The mechanism for inorganic fillers accelerating and inhibiting the UV irradiation aging behaviors of rigid poly(vinyl chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Study on degradation and crosslinking of impact polypropylene copolymer by dynamic rheological measurement. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Fechine G, Christensen P, Egerton T, White J. Evaluation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) photostabilisation using FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yang R, Liu Y, Yu J, Zhang D. Spatial heterogeneity of photo-oxidation and its relation with crack propagation in polyethylene composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Karapanagioti HK, Klontza I. Testing phenanthrene distribution properties of virgin plastic pellets and plastic eroded pellets found on Lesvos island beaches (Greece). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 65:283-90. [PMID: 18164383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pellets have been characterized as toxic pollutant carriers throughout the world oceans and coastal zones. However, their sorptive properties are not yet well understood. In the present study, virgin pellets and plastic eroded pellets (PEP) are used to elucidate their distribution characteristics through distribution kinetic studies. Distribution occurs through diffusion into the pellet for all materials (polyethylene, polyoxymethylene, and PEP) except polypropylene (PP). Although diffusion into the polymer happens with similar rates for both freshwater and saltwater external solutions, apparent diffusion is dependent on the solution salinity because it results in higher equilibrium distribution coefficients. Distribution coefficient into the PEP is higher and diffusion is slower than into the virgin materials. This is attributed to increased crystallinity of the PEP due to weathering. PP demonstrates diffusion rates that are increased by salinity and is apparently faster than into the other polymers suggesting a surface diffusion process.
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Chapter 10 Polymer Degradation and Oxidation: An Introduction. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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White J, Shyichuk A. Effect of stabilizer on scission and crosslinking rate changes during photo-oxidation of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yang R, Yu J, Liu Y, Wang K. Effects of coupling agents on the natural aging behavior and oxidation profile of high-density polyethylene/sericite composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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White J, Shyichuk A, Turton T, Syrotynska I. Effect of stabilizer and pigment on photodegradation of polypropylene as revealed by macromolecule scission and crosslinking measurements. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Bouaita N, Bull S, Palacio JF, White J. Dynamic nanoindentation of some polyolefins. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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