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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Supercritical CO2 Impregnation of Clove Extract in Polycarbonate: Effects of Operational Conditions on the Loading and Composition. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of active packaging for food storage containers is possible through impregnation of natural extracts by supercritical CO2-assisted impregnation processes. The challenge of scCO2-impregnation of natural extracts is to control the total loading and to ensure that the composition of the loaded extract may preserve the properties of the crude extract. This study aimed at investigating the scCO2-impregnation of clove extract (CE) in polycarbonate (PC) to develop antibacterial packaging. A design of experiments was applied to evaluate the influences of temperature (35–60 °C) and pressure (10–30 MPa) on the clove loading (CL%) and on the composition of the loaded extract. The CL% ranged from 6.8 to 18.5%, and the highest CL% was reached at 60 °C and 10 MPa. The composition of the impregnated extract was dependent on the impregnation conditions, and it differed from the crude extract, being richer in eugenol (81.31–86.28% compared to 70.06 in the crude extract). Differential scanning calorimetry showed a high plasticizing effect of CE on PC, and high CL% led to the cracking of the PC surface. Due to the high loading of eugenol, which is responsible for the antibacterial properties of the CE, the impregnated PC is promising for producing antibacterial food containers.
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Donato P, Cacciola F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Mass spectrometry detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography: basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:523-559. [PMID: 22383300 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The review, as can be deduced from the title, focuses on both theoretical and practical aspects of the use of mass spectrometry as a third, added dimension to a comprehensive LC (LC × LC) system, generating the most powerful analytical tool today for non-volatile analytes. The first part deals with the technical requirements for linkage of an LC × LC system to an MS one, including the choice of the mobile phase (buffer and salts), flow rate (splitting), type of ionization (interface); advantages and disadvantages of off-line and on-line methods are discussed, as well. A discussion of the various aspects of instrumentation is provided, both from a chromatographic and mass spectrometry standpoint, with particular emphasis directed to the choice of column sets, spatial resolution, mass resolving power, mass accuracy, and tandem-MS capabilities. The extent to which mass spectrometry may be of aid in unraveling column-outlet multicompound bands is highlighted, along with its effectiveness as a chromatographic detector of excellent sensitivity, universality yet with potential in terms of selectivity and amenability to quantitative analysis over a wide dynamic range. The following section of the review contains significant applications of comprehensive two-dimensional LC coupled to MS in different areas of research, with details on interfaces, column stationary phases, modulation and MS parameters. It is not the intention of the authors to provide a comprehensive description of the techniques, but merely to discuss only those aspects which are essential for successful applications of the LC-MS combination. The reader will be acquainted with the enormous potential of this hyphenated technique, and the factors and instrumental developments that have concurred to make it emerge to a central role in specialized fields, such as proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Donato
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Characterization of polyolefins by comprehensive high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC). Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuligowski J, Carrión D, Quintás G, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Cubic smoothing splines background correction in on-line liquid chromatography–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6733-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kuligowski J, Quintás G, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Determination of critical eluent composition for polyethylenglycols using on-line liquid chromatography—Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:278-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dugo P, Cacciola F, Kumm T, Dugo G, Mondello L. Comprehensive multidimensional liquid chromatography: Theory and applications. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:353-68. [PMID: 17655853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatographic (LC x LC) techniques can be considered innovative methods only recently developed and adopted in many configurations. The revolutionary aspect of comprehensive two-dimensional techniques, with respect to classical multidimensional (MD) chromatography, is that the entire sample is subjected to the 2D advantage. The major benefit is that the separation capacities of each dimension are multiplied, offering a high peak capacity to resolve samples of great complexity. The first part of the present review briefly describes the theoretical and practical aspects related to the development of a multidimensional comprehensive liquid chromatographic method. Applicational experiences in comprehensive liquid chromatography are then described, divided into four groups, according to the HPLC modes used in the two dimensions and to the nature of the samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli alimenti e dell'ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Chapter 10 Polymer Degradation and Oxidation: An Introduction. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Stoll DR, Li X, Wang X, Carr PW, Porter SEG, Rutan SC. Fast, comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:3-43; discussion 2. [PMID: 17888443 PMCID: PMC3205947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absolute need to improve the separating power of liquid chromatography, especially for multi-constituent biological samples, is becoming increasingly evident. In response, over the past few years, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC). Just as 1DLC is preferred to 1DGC based on its compatibility with biological materials we believe that ultimately 2DLC will be preferred to the much more highly developed 2DGC for such samples. The huge advantage of 2D chromatographic techniques over 1D methods is inherent in the tremendous potential increase in peak capacity (resolving power). This is especially true of comprehensive 2D chromatography wherein it is possible, under ideal conditions, to obtain a total peak capacity equal to the product of the peak capacities of the first and second dimension separations. However, the very long timescale (typically several hours to tens of hours) of comprehensive 2DLC is clearly its chief drawback. Recent advances in the use of higher temperatures to speed up isocratic and gradient elution liquid chromatography have been used to decrease the time needed to do the second dimension LC separation of 2DLC to about 20s for a full gradient elution run. Thus, fast, high temperature LC is becoming a very promising technique. Peak capacities of over 2000 and rates of peak capacity production of nearly 1 peak/s have been achieved. In consequence, many real samples showing more than 200 peaks with signal to noise ratios of better than 10:1 have been run in total times of under 30 min. This report is not intended to be a comprehensive review of 2DLC, but is deliberately focused on the issues involved in doing fast 2DLC by means of elevating the column temperature; however, many issues of broader applicability will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R. Stoll
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaoping Li
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Carr
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sarah E. G. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
| | - Sarah C. Rutan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
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Kaal ER, Alkema G, Kurano M, Geissler M, Janssen HG. On-line size exclusion chromatography–pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for copolymer characterization and additive analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:182-9. [PMID: 17208247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupled size exclusion chromatography-pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SEC-Py-GC-MS) is studied as a novel tool for the characterization of complex polymer samples. An automated system for on-line SEC-Py-GC-MS allowing transfer of multiple fractions was developed based on stop-flow operation of the SEC dimension, syringe-based transfer of the SEC fraction to the GC instrument and solvent elimination with subsequent pyrolysis in a programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) injector. After optimization the system was applied to the characterization of a complex terpolymer composed of very similar monomers. The use of the system for combined pyrolysis and additive analyses in polycarbonate was also demonstrated. Results obtained with the new method indicate the interesting potentials of the method for detailed characterization of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin R Kaal
- Polymer-Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bedani F, Kok WT, Janssen HG. A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatography×liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:126-34. [PMID: 16959256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the selection of the operational parameters (linear velocity, column length) for a comprehensive 2D-LC system is discussed. Starting point for the calculations is a given second dimension ((2)D) separation and a desired peak capacity for the 2D system. Using the theory developed here the optimum settings for the first dimension ((1)D) column can be derived. Theory clearly indicates that the choice of the (1)D conditions is basically limited to just one set of column lengths and linear velocities. The new method is tested on a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography system which uses size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) followed by reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). A novel LC/LC interface, using a six-port valve rather than storage loops, joins the two chromatographic dimensions. From a theoretical comparison of continuous low flow and stop-flow operation the latter method was found to be an attractive mode of interfacing. The common idea that stop-flow operation results in additional band broadening is shown to be incorrect. The new interface design operated in the stop-flow mode permits the use of conventional analytical diameter HPLC columns, 7.8mm for SEC and 4.6mm for RPLC. The reversed phase chromatography utilizes a monolithic C-18 modified silica column, which produces fast and efficient analyses. As test samples complex mixtures of peptides were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bedani
- Polymer-Analysis Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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