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Lazzari M, López-Morán T. Aging of a Poly(vinyl acetate)-Based White Glue and Its Durability in Contemporary Artworks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1712. [PMID: 38932062 PMCID: PMC11207482 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While extensive research has focused on understanding the degradation mechanisms of Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC) paint under different environmental conditions, limited attention has been paid to the long-term stability of PVAC-based white glues, especially when used in artworks. This study investigates the accelerated degradation, under simulated photoaging, and isothermal treatment of a commercial PVAC-based white glue considered representative of this class of materials used in contemporary artworks to predict its durability and assess its behavior in art objects. Through accelerated aging experiments and comparison with natural aging observed in artworks, the study reveals the formation of chromophores and the release of plasticizers as key processes; in particular, the progressive darkening was considered an early indicator of degradation processes, before structural changes could be detected by FTIR or NMR spectroscopies. The plasticizer loss induces an increase in glass transition temperature, from 7 °C to temperatures higher than room temperature, affecting the adhesive's cohesive strength and contributing to the detachment of materials in artworks. The findings underscore the importance of preventive conservation measures to mitigate degradation issues in PVAC-based artworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lazzari
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thais López-Morán
- Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea (CGAC), R. de Ramón del Valle-Inclán 2, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
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2
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Novak M, Ormsby B. Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4348. [PMID: 38006073 PMCID: PMC10675057 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their development in the 1950s, poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] paints (also known as vinyl) have been used by many artists, most notably in countries such as Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom; they are also used globally as a common binder for house paints. However, only a relatively limited number of heritage scientific studies have focused on vinyl paints. Consequently, many critical aspects of this material, such as the degradation processes, variations in paint formulations, and responses to conservation treatments, remain largely understudied. This article aims to summarise the available relevant information on poly(vinyl acetate) paints from both the scientific and the conservation practice perspectives. The article provides a brief overview of the development of poly(vinyl acetate) paints as artist-grade and household products and the known differences in their formulations. It also focuses on poly(vinyl acetate) ageing behaviour, the physicochemical properties, the recent scientific research on poly(vinyl acetate) material characterisation and degradation, and the main conservation issues regarding these paints, such as those relating to cleaning treatments.
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3
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Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213609. [PMID: 34771166 PMCID: PMC8588451 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl emulsions started to be used by artists in paintings at least since the early 1960s, being now present in several artworks worldwide. However, different vinyl formulations can result in distinct behaviours over time, and if some artworks are currently showing a good condition, others already show damages due to the use of compositions more susceptible to degradation. For this reason, it is fundamental to identify the main components in the vinyl acetate-based (VAc-based) emulsion. This work focuses on the molecular study of VAc-based emulsions by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. It aims at deepening the knowledge on the variability of the composite formulation and on the identification of characteristic bands and spectral profiles (identified as spectral markers) for both polymer and additives. To this end, a broad set of vinyl emulsions was gathered, including reference materials, historical commercial brands in use by Portuguese artists, and commercial brands collected from industrial companies. The entire set includes vinyl homopolymers produced for the purpose of the study and known formulations of vinyl homopolymers and copolymers, with and without plasticisers, according to technical data sheets and previous studies. Furthermore, unknown formulations have been included to validate the usefulness of the identified spectral markers. This set has been studied in the form of solid films deposited in glass slides by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), both conducted in situ. As conclusions, the combined use of ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman proved to be very useful as different spectral markers were detected by each technique, confirming their complementarity. Besides the clear identification of vinyl acetate-based emulsions by both techniques, it was also possible to suggest spectral markers for the copolymerisation of vinyl acetate with vinyl versatate by µ-Raman, the stabilisation of the emulsion with poly(vinyl alcohol) by ATR-FTIR, and the addition of phthalates or benzoates plasticisers by both ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman.
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4
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Chang CW, Jen YY, Tang SC, Zhang P, Chen C, Peng CH. Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization of vinyl acetate mediated by tralen, an organomediator. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00904d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organic compound, tralen, has been developed as a mediator to control the radical polymerization of vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, and N-vinyl pyrrolidone via the reversible termination mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Jen
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-How Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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5
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Characterization and Long-Term Stability of Historical PMMA: Impact of Additives and Acrylic Sheet Industrial Production Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102198. [PMID: 32992836 PMCID: PMC7601423 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims at understanding the influence of the production processes and materials in the properties and long term behavior of acrylic sheet, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a material generally considered very stable in museum collections. A comparative study was conducted in samples from cast acrylic sheets produced in the early 2000s, from which manufacturing details were known, and samples provided by the artist Lourdes Castro from acrylic sheets she had bought in the 1960s. Transparent and red opaque cast acrylic samples, containing cadmium red pigment, were used. All samples were artificially aged in a solarbox with irradiation λ > 300 nm for a total period of 8000 h, and alterations were followed by a multi-analytical approach which included Raman, infrared (FTIR-ATR) and UV-Vis spectroscopies; gravimetry; size exclusion chromatography (SEC); thermogravimetry (TGA); micro-indentation; colorimetry; and optical microscopy. Not all cast PMMA sheets presented similar stabilities. We have concluded that the production processes (which may include the polymerization conditions, the organic additives and the origin of the monomer) play a more important role in the properties and long-term behavior of these acrylic sheets than the presence of cadmium red and/or the age of the material.
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6
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Rooney M, Meldrum T. Effect of pigment concentration on NMR relaxometry in acrylic paints. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:880-888. [PMID: 32442329 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acrylic emulsion paint is among the most common media employed by 20th century artists. Since early acrylic paintings have begun to require the attention of conservators, scientists are working to characterize the properties of these paints to facilitate conservation efforts. In this study, we report an investigation of the physical and chemical properties of acrylic emulsion paints using single-sided NMR in conjunction with gloss measurements and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry. Combining the data from these techniques gives insight into pigment-base interactions and the acrylic curing process, showing that as pigment concentration is increased in paints, the amount of acrylic base adsorbed to pigment particles increases, resulting in films with differing relaxation times. This research both emphasizes and contextualizes the utility of NMR relaxometry in studying cultural heritage objects and prompts further study into the effects of pigment concentration on the curing and conservation of paint films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rooney
- Department of Applied Science, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tyler Meldrum
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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Angelin EM, Ghirardello M, Babo S, Picollo M, Chelazzi L, Melo MJ, Nevin A, Valentini G, Comelli D. The multi-analytical in situ analysis of cadmium-based pigments in plastics. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Vijayakrishna K, Manojkumar K, Haribabu PM, GyanaRanjan B, Tilottama B, Agirre A, Meabe L, Mantione D, Porcarelli L, R Leiza J, Mecerreyes D. Morpholine‐based RAFT agents for the reversible deactivation radical polymerization of vinyl acetate and
N
‐vinylimidazole. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vijayakrishna
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Kasina Manojkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced SciencesVIT University Vellore India
| | - PM Haribabu
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Behera GyanaRanjan
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Baisakhi Tilottama
- School of Basic SciencesIndian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJoxe Mari Korta Centre Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
| | - Leire Meabe
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJoxe Mari Korta Centre Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJoxe Mari Korta Centre Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
| | - Luca Porcarelli
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJoxe Mari Korta Centre Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
| | - Jose R Leiza
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJoxe Mari Korta Centre Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJoxe Mari Korta Centre Donostia‐San Sebastian Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
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9
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Otero V, Vilarigues M, Carlyle L, Cotte M, De Nolf W, Melo MJ. A little key to oxalate formation in oil paints: protective patina or chemical reactor? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:266-270. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel degradation mechanism for 19th c. chrome yellow oil paints is proposed based on the oil photodegradation induced and calcium oxalate formation. It was proved by synchrotron radiation using artificially aged pigment reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Otero
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- Monte da Caparica
- Portugal
| | - M. Vilarigues
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and VICARTE
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- Monte da Caparica
- Portugal
| | - L. Carlyle
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- Monte da Caparica
- Portugal
| | - M. Cotte
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Grenoble
- France
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
| | - W. De Nolf
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
- Grenoble
- France
| | - M. J. Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- Monte da Caparica
- Portugal
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10
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Bubev E, Georgiev A, Machkova M. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study of the photodegradation protective properties of BP-4 and 4HBP in polyvinyl acetate thin films. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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12
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Degano I, La Nasa J. Trends in High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Cultural Heritage. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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A chemical study of organic materials in three murals by Keith Haring: A comparison of painting techniques. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Pintus V, Wei S, Schreiner M. Accelerated UV ageing studies of acrylic, alkyd, and polyvinyl acetate paints: Influence of inorganic pigments. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Varganici CD, Rosu L, Mocanu (Paduraru) OM, Rosu D. Influence of poly(vinyl alcohol) on cellulose photochemical stability in cryogels during UV irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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The use of waterborne paints in contemporary murals: Comparing the stability of vinyl, acrylic and styrene-acrylic formulations to outdoor weathering conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Ploeger R, René de la Rie E, McGlinchey CW, Palmer M, Maines CA, Chiantore O. The long-term stability of a popular heat-seal adhesive for the conservation of painted cultural objects. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Szczyrba E, Greń I, Bartelmus G. Enzymes involved in vinyl acetate decomposition by Pseudomonas fluorescens PCM 2123 strain. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:99-105. [PMID: 23913099 PMCID: PMC3936133 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Esterases are widely used in food processing industry, but there is little information concerning enzymes involved in decompositions of esters contributing to pollution of environment. Vinyl acetate (an ester of vinyl alcohol and acetic acid) is a representative of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in decomposition, of which hydrolyses and oxidoreductases are mainly involved. Their activities under periodically changing conditions of environment are essential for the removal of dangerous VOCs. Esterase and alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase activities were determined in crude cell extract from Pseudomonas fluorescens PMC 2123 after vinyl acetate induction. All examined enzymes exhibit their highest activity at 30–35 °C and pH 7.0–7.5. Esterase preferably hydrolyzed ester bonds with short fatty chains without plain differences for C2 or C4. Comparison of Km values for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases for acetaldehyde suggested that this metabolite was preferentially oxidized than reduced. Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase reducing acetaldehyde to ethanol suggested that one mechanism of defense against the elevated concentration of toxic acetaldehyde could be its temporary reduction to ethanol. Esterase activity was inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, while β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had no inhibitor effect. From among metal ions, only Mg2+ and Fe2+ stimulated the cleavage of ester bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Szczyrba
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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19
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The degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) as a material for design objects: A multi-analytical study of the effect of dibutyl phthalate plasticizer. Part 1. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wei S, Pintus V, Schreiner M. Photochemical degradation study of polyvinyl acetate paints used in artworks by Py-GC/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS 2012; 97:158-163. [PMID: 23024446 PMCID: PMC3438447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical degradation of commercial polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) homopolymer and PVAc paints mixed with burnt umber, cobalt blue, cadmium red dark, nickel azo yellow and titanium white commonly used for artworks were studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Py-GC/MS with single-shot technique was used for the characterization of the thermal degradation of PVAc at different temperatures, while the double-shot technique of Py-GC/MS was used to reveal the differences in the specimens before and after UV ageing, including the changes of detectable amounts of deacetylation product - acetic acid and plasticizers such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Furthermore, the relative concentration of the pyrolysis products of the paint samples could be measured and compared in the second step of the double-shot Py-GC/MS, which are highly dependent on the presence of pigments and the ageing status of PVAc paints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Wei
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Pintus
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Analytics, Analytical Chemical Division, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/16, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Analytics, Analytical Chemical Division, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/16, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Study of behaviour on simulated daylight ageing of artists' acrylic and poly(vinyl acetate) paint films. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2921-37. [PMID: 20981537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes a multi-method approach that combines advanced microscopy (SEM/EDX, AFM) and spectroscopy (UV-vis and FTIR) techniques. This approach not only characterises the behaviour of the additives of two commercial poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and acrylic emulsion paints but also simultaneously characterises the changes in chemical composition and morphology observed in the paint films as a result of ageing due to the paints being exposed to an intense source of simulated daylight. In parallel, a series of mechanical tests were performed that correlate the chemical changes in composition and the changes observed in the films' mechanical properties. This work was a comparative study between both types of acrylic and PVAc paints. The results obtained are of great interest for the modern paint conservation field as they provide valuable information on the mid- and long-term behaviours of these synthetic paints.
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22
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de Sá MH, Eaton P, Ferreira JL, Melo MJ, Ramos AM. Ageing of vinyl emulsion paints-an atomic force microscopy study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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