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Ustuntag S, Cakir N, Erdem A, Ozmen O, Dogan M. Production and Characterization of Flame Retardant Leather Waste Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9475-9485. [PMID: 38434846 PMCID: PMC10905688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Discovering new applications for discarded materials, such as leather waste (LW), has proven to be an effective approach to an ecofriendly and sustainable production. The manufacture of halogen-free flame retardant LW containing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based samples containing an organic phosphinate (OP)-based flame retardant additive would represent an advance in this area. The effects of LW and OP levels on the thermal, flame retardant, and tensile properties of the samples using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), mass loss calorimetry, and tensile tests have been assessed. OP is highly effective in LW-filled TPU. The highest UL-94 V rating of V0, LOI value of 31.4%, the lowest peak heat release rate (93 ± 3 kW/m2), and total heat evolved (49 ± 2 MJ/m2) values are obtained with the use of 20 wt % OP. OP is primarily promoted through the creation of a compact intumescent residue structure in the condensed phase. LW exhibits an adjuvant effect by producing nonflammable gases in the gas phase and raising the residual yield in the condensed phase. The most remarkable effect of the LW presence is observed in fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth rate (FIGRA) values. The highest FPI value of 0.49 sm2/kW and the lowest FIGRA value of 0.91 kW/m2s are observed with the use of 20 wt % LW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyye Ustuntag
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
| | - Nida Cakir
- Department
of Fashion Design Trabzon Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkiye
| | | | - Ozkan Ozmen
- Department
of Industrial Design Engineering, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
- Erciyes
Teknopark, Hematainer Biotechnology and
Health Products Inc, Kayseri 38010, Turkiye
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Valentini F, Roux JC, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Fambri L, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Fire behaviour of EPDM/NBR panels with paraffin for thermal energy storage applications. Part 1: fire behaviour. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Xie W, Liu Y, Yu M, Wang Q. Ternary structure design based on hydrogen bonding for transparent and flame retardant
PMMA
with good mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xie
- Research Center of Composite Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai China
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Mingming Yu
- Research Center of Composite Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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4
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Zhang T, Jiang H, Zhang K, Zhu C, Xue C, Zhang Z, Xu J, Gao W. Inhibition effect of aluminum dust explosions by one novel zinc borate. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Song N, Luo T, Yu Y, Suo Y, Chen Z, Chen T, Zhang Q, Jiang J, Zhu G. Investigation on suppression of melamine polyphosphate on acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene dust explosion. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Taiyu Luo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yifan Suo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Guiming Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Emergency Management Department Jiangsu Academy of Safety Science and Technology Nanjing China
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6
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A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymer composite materials in the aeronautics and automotive sectors has increased dramatically, and their fire behaviour has become a critical parameter in terms of fire safety. On this premise, it is critical to demonstrate that these composite materials constitute elements whose safety justifies a high level of confidence. This is based on their combustibility and the rate at which flammable and toxic gaseous species are emitted. Thus, strict fire safety regulations are enforced by the relevant authorities concerned because of their potential fire risk. This study analysed papers published between 1970 and 2021 that described the devices used to characterise the thermal behaviour of composite materials at various scales. The objective was to highlight the thermophysical phenomena, making it possible to accurately assess the flammability and thermal stability of polymer composite materials. The results of this research reveal that the small-scale facilities provide detailed understanding and mastery of the thermal reaction properties of the composites. While with the medium scale, the extended fire reaction parameters, which are the key indicators of the fire safety performance, can be determined. On a large scale, the tests were carried out using devices such as the NexGen burner recommended by the FAA. Therefore, with such assays, it is possible to assess the rates of thermal degradation as well as quantified pyrolysis gases. However, compared to other scales, there were very few works on a large scale. In addition, by focusing on the polluting nature of synthetic composite materials, there is also few research studies aimed at designing new polymer composite materials from biological sources.
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7
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Yuan Z, Wen H, Liu Y, Wang Q. Synergy between piperazine pyrophosphate and aluminum diethylphosphinate in flame retarded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Flame-Retardant and Sound-Absorption Properties of Composites Based on Kapok Fiber. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122845. [PMID: 32630406 PMCID: PMC7345839 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the utilization rate of kapok fiber, flame-retardant and sound-absorption composites were prepared by the hot pressing method with kapok fiber as the reinforced material, polyε-caprolactone as the matrix material, and magnesium hydroxide as the flame retardant. Then, the effects of hot pressing temperature, hot pressing time, density of composites, mass fraction of kapok fiber, thickness of composites, and air layer thickness on the sound-absorption properties of composites were analyzed, with the average sound absorption coefficient as the index. Under the optimal process parameters, the maximum sound absorption coefficient reached 0.830, the average sound absorption coefficient was 0.520, and the sound-absorption band was wide. Thus, the composites belonged to high-efficiency sound-absorbing material. The flame-retardant effect of magnesium hydroxide on the composites was investigated, and the limiting oxygen index could reach 31.5%. Finally, multifunctional composites based on kapok fiber with flame retardant properties, and sound-absorption properties were obtained.
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Schmidt C, Ciesielski M, Greiner L, Döring M. Novel organophosphorus flame retardants and their synergistic application in novolac epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Chen W, Liu P, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Duan W. Flame retardancy mechanisms of melamine cyanurate in combination with aluminum diethylphosphinate in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chen
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Pengju Liu
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yanbo Cheng
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Wenfeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials; Beijing 101300 China
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Realinho V, Haurie L, Formosa J, Velasco JI. Flame retardancy effect of combined ammonium polyphosphate and aluminium diethyl phosphinate in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Electron beam irradiation of zinc borate flame retardant containing acrylonite-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Fang Y, Qian L, Huang Z. Synergistic barrier flame-retardant effect of aluminium poly-hexamethylenephosphinate and bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in epoxy resin. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Fang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing PR China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing PR China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing PR China
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Fang Y, Qian L, Huang Z, Tang S, Qiu Y. Synergistic charring effect of triazinetrione-alkyl-phosphinate and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives in epoxy thermosets. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The component synergistic charring effect of a TAHP/TAD system caused more balanced flame-retardant actions in the gaseous phase and condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Fang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Zhigang Huang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Shuo Tang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
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Müller P, Morys M, Sut A, Jäger C, Illerhaus B, Schartel B. Melamine poly(zinc phosphate) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of fire residues. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Müller P, Schartel B. Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
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17
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Cheng J, Pan Y, Yao J, Wang X, Pan F, Jiang J. Mechanisms and kinetics studies on the thermal decomposition of micron Poly (methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Li H, Ning N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liang W, Tian M, Chan TW. Effect of content of organophosphorus on flame retardancy mode of thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Hausner J, Butterhof C, Martin T, Milius W, Breu J. Tris(2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium) Dihydrogenphosphate Monohydrogenphosphate Tetrahydrate. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Li H, Ning N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liang W, Tian M. Different flame retardancy effects and mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in PPO, TPU and PP. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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On the performance and mechanism of brominated and halogen free flame retardants in formulations of glass fibre reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Si M, Feng J, Hao J, Xu L, Du J. Synergistic flame retardant effects and mechanisms of nano-Sb2O3 in combination with aluminum phosphinate in poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Hafizah NN, Mamat MH, Said CMS, Abidin MH, Rusop M. Thermal Degradation of Nanocomposited PMMA/TiO2 Nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/46/1/012045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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26
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Didane N, Giraud S, Devaux E, Lemort G. Development of fire resistant PET fibrous structures based on phosphinate-POSS blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Orhan T, Isitman NA, Hacaloglu J, Kaynak C. Thermal degradation of organophosphorus flame-retardant poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites containing nanoclay and carbon nanotubes. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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