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The Effect of Combined Atmospheric Plasma/UV Treatments on Improving the Durability of Flame Retardants Applied to Cotton. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248737. [PMID: 36557869 PMCID: PMC9783300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of a combined atmospheric plasma/UV laser to cotton fabrics impregnated with selected non-durable flame retardants (FRs) has shown evidence of covalent grafting of the latter species on to cotton fibre surfaces. As a result, an increase in their durability to water-soaking for 30 min at 40 °C has been recorded. Based on previous research plasma gases comprising Ar80%/CO220% or N280%/O220% were used to pre-expose cotton fabric prior to or after FR impregnation to promote the formation of radical species and increased −COOH groups on surface cellulosic chains, which would encourage formation of FR-cellulose bonds. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal analysis (TGA) suggested that organophosphorus- and nitrogen- containing flame retarding species in the presence of the silicon-containing molecules such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTS) resulted in formation of FR-S-O-cellulose links, which gave rise to post-water-soaking FR retentions > 10%. Similarly, the organophosphorus FR, diethyl N, N bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethylphosphonate (DBAP), after plasma/UV exposure produced similar percentage retention values possibly via (PO).O.cellulose bond formation, While none of the plasmas/UV-treated, FR-impregnated fabrics showed self-extinction behaviour, although burning rates reduced and significant char formation was evident, it has been shown that FR durability may be increased using plasma/UV treatments.
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Phosphorylation of Kapok Fiber with Phytic Acid for Enhanced Flame Retardancy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314950. [PMID: 36499278 PMCID: PMC9737048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kapok fiber (KF), with the characteristics of a natural hollow structure, light weight, and low density, can be used as acoustic and thermal insulation, buoyancy, adsorption, filling, and composite material. The flame-retardant treatment can expand the functionality and application of KF. In this work, the phosphorylation of KF using phytic acid (PA) in the presence of urea at a high temperature was used to enhance its flame retardancy. The phosphorylation reaction conditions were discussed, and the surface topography, thermal degradation, heat release, and combustion properties of phosphorylated KF were studied. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 31P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses confirmed the grafting of PA on cellulose by the formation of phosphate ester bonds. Due to the covalent binding of PA, phosphorylated KF exhibited good washing durability. The surface topography, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG), and microcalorimetry analyses revealed the excellent charring ability of phosphorylated KF. In the TG test in nitrogen, the char residue increased to 42.6% of phosphorylated KF from 8.3% of raw KF at 700 °C. In the vertical combustion, raw KF sheet was almost completely burned out within 30 s, while phosphorylated KF was very difficult to catch fire. In the microcalorimetry analysis, the heat release capacity and total heat release of phosphorylated KF decreased to 67 J/g∙K and 3.9 kJ/g, respectively from 237 J/g∙K and 18.1 kJ/g of raw KF. This work suggests that phosphorylated KF is an excellent flame-retardant material.
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Aladpoosh R, Montazer M. Functionalization of cellulose fibers alongside growth of 2D LDH platelets through urea hydrolysis inspired Taro wettability. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118584. [PMID: 34742403 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Here, Cotton fabric was functionalized via hybrid coating including 2D MgAl LDH (layered double hydroxide) and SA (stearic acid). The urea hydrolysis was employed for construction of vertically aligned LDH on surface of cellulose fibers under hydrothermal condition. The in situ formation mechanism of LDH on cotton surface was nucleation, growth, and interaction with activated cellulose chains. The partial cellulose ionization in the alkaline solution led to nucleophilic behavior towards electron deficient atom. The effect of different ageing, synthesis temperature, and amount of SA were investigated and optimized at 100 °C for 24 h with 0.05 M. The superhydrophobic surface architecture of treated cotton with hierarchical micro/nanostructure was inspired from the Taro leaf structure with continuous contact line presented WCA of 154 ° and CAH of 9 °. The Cotton@LDH@SA exhibited efficient oil/water separation after several washes (>90%) with good stain resistant. Also, the physico-mechanical properties were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Aladpoosh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE), No. 424, Hafez Ave., P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Functional Fibrous Structures & Environmental Enhancement (FFSEE), No. 424, Hafez Ave., P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
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Xu M, Li T, Zhang S, Li W, He J, Yin C. Preparation and characterization of cellulose carbamate membrane with high strength and transparency. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Jianlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Cuiyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Material Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
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Sun L, Wang S, Zhang J, Li W, Lu Z, Zhang Z, Zhu P, Dong C. Preparation of a novel flame retardant containing triazine groups and its application on cotton fabrics. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel triazine-based flame retardant capable of reacting with natural cellulose fiber was successfully synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- College of Textile and Clothing
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Shihao Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Wennan Li
- College of Textile and Clothing
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textile and Clothing
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
| | - Chaohong Dong
- College of Textile and Clothing
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266000
- China
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Chang S, Condon B, Smith J. Microwave Assisted Preparation of Self-Extinguishing Cotton Fabrics by Small Molecules Containing Phosphorous and Nitrogen. CURRENT MICROWAVE CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2213335606666190301160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
New methods for preparing surface modification of flame retardant cotton
fabrics were employed by applying a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of
co-solvent. Efforts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with economic and environmentally
friendly flame retardant compounds based on the small molecules piperazine, PN and PNN, were
done successfully.
Methods and Results:
The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification
of cotton fabrics was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the treated cotton fabrics
were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45°angle (clothing textiles test) and limiting Oxygen
Index (LOI). Thermogravimetric analysis of all treated cotton fabrics in a nitrogen atmosphere
showed high thermal stability, as decomposition occurred between 276.9~291.2°C with 30.5~35.7%
residue weight char yield at 600°C. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and the 45° angle flammability test
were used to determine the efficiency of the flame-retardant treatments on the fabrics. LOI values for
control twill fabric showed ~18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen, whereas the highest treatment level had 32
vol%. High add-on treatments with flame retardants also readily passed the 45° angle flammability
test.
Conclusion:
In the Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) tests, a decline in heat of combustion
was shown through the smaller values acquired for THR, HRC and Tmax for all PN and PNN
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeChin Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Sothern Regional Research Center (SRRC), New Orleans, Louisiana LA 70124, United States
| | - Brian Condon
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Sothern Regional Research Center (SRRC), New Orleans, Louisiana LA 70124, United States
| | - Jade Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Sothern Regional Research Center (SRRC), New Orleans, Louisiana LA 70124, United States
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Xie C, Zeng X, Fang W, Lai X, Li H. Effect of alkyl-disubstituted ureido silanes with different alkyl chain structures on tracking resistance property of addition-cure liquid silicone rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Molaba TP, Chapple S, John MJ. Aging studies on flame retardant treated lignocellulosic fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Princess Molaba
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Textile Science Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
| | - Steve Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Textile Science Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya Jacob John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing Polymers and Composites Competence Area; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa
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Fontenot KR, Nguyen MM, Al-Abdul-Wahid MS, Easson MW, Chang S, Lorigan GA, Condon BD. The thermal degradation pathway studies of a phosphazene derivative on cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Szolnoki B, Bocz K, Sóti PL, Bodzay B, Zimonyi E, Toldy A, Morlin B, Bujnowicz K, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Marosi G. Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Highly flame-retarding cotton fabrics with a novel phosphorus/nitrogen intumescent flame retardant. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ge SL, She SK, Xu YB, Ning M, Wang CH, Tian ZF, Zhou S, Huang L, Zhang Z, Sheng LS. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate on Thermal Decomposition of Reconstituted Tobacco and CO Evolution. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/27/02/243-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Investigation of structural transformations taking place during oxidative stabilization of viscose rayon precursor fibers prior to carbonization and activation. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ye J, Liang G, Gu A, Zhang Z, Han J, Yuan L. Novel phosphorus-containing hyperbranched polysiloxane and its high performance flame retardant cyanate ester resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Yoshioka-Tarver M, Condon BD, Santiago Cintrón M, Chang S, Easson MW, Fortier CA, Madison CA, Bland JM, Nguyen TMD. Enhanced Flame Retardant Property of Fiber Reactive Halogen-Free Organophosphonate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300964g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Yoshioka-Tarver
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Brian D. Condon
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Michael Santiago Cintrón
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - SeChin Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Michael W. Easson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Chanel A. Fortier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Crista A. Madison
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - John M. Bland
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Thach-Mien D. Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern
Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
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Effect of urea additive on the thermal decomposition kinetics of flame retardant greige cotton nonwoven fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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