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Tomiak F, Zitzmann M, Drummer D. A Multi-Material Flame-Retarding System Based on Expandable Graphite for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4100. [PMID: 37896344 PMCID: PMC10610593 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A synergistic multi-material flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and montmorillonite (MMT) has been studied in glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Analytical evaluations and fire performances were evaluated using coupled thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as cone calorimetry, UL-94 fire testing, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). A combination of EG/AlPi/MPP/MMT has been shown to provide superior flame-retarding properties when integrated at 20 wt.% into glass-fiber-reinforced PA6 (25 wt.%), achieving UL-94 V0 classification and an oxygen index of 32%. Strong residue formation resulted in low heat development overall, with a peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 103 kW/m2, a maximum of average heat release rate (MAHRE) of 33 kW/m2, and deficient total smoke production (TSP) of 3.8 m2. Particularly remarkable was the structural stability of the char residue. The char residue could easily withstand an areal weight of 35 g/cm2, showing no visible deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Melanie Zitzmann
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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2
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Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications. Mol Vis 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/c9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphite (stacked graphene layers) has been modified in several ways to enhance its potential properties/utilities. One approach is to convert graphite into a unique ‘nano-graphite’ form. Nano-graphite consists of few-layered graphene, multi-layered graphene, graphite nanoplatelets, and other graphene aggregates. Graphite can be converted to nano-graphite using physical and chemical methods. Nano-graphite, similar to graphite, has been reinforced in conducting polymers/thermoplastics/rubbery matrices to develop high-performance nanocomposites. Nano-graphite and polymer/nano-graphite nanomaterials have characteristics that are advantageous over those of pristine graphitic materials. This review basically highlights the essential features, design versatilities, and applications of polymer/nano-graphite nanocomposites in solar cells, electromagnetic shielding, and electronic devices.
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Tomiak F, Drummer D. The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153168. [PMID: 35956684 PMCID: PMC9371137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted investigating the influence of β-radiation crosslinking (β-RC) on the fire behavior of flame retardant-modified polyamide 6 (PA6). In order to provide a comprehensive overview, a variety of commercially available flame-retardant additives were investigated, exhibiting different flame retarding actions such as delusion, char formation, intumescence and flame poisoning. This study focused on the identification of differences in the influence of β-RC on fire behavior. Coupled thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to conduct changes within the decomposition processes. Dynamic thermal analysis (DTA) was used to identify structural stability limits and fire testing was conducted using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 and cone calorimeter testing. Crosslinking was found to substantially change the fire behavior observed, whereas the observed phenomena were exclusively physical for the given formulations studied: warpage, char residue destruction and anti-dripping. Despite these phenomena being observed for all β-RC formulations, the impact on fire resistivity properties were found to be very different. However, the overall fire protection properties measured in UL-94 fire tests were found to deteriorate for β-RC formulations. Only β-RC formulations based on PA6/EG were found to achieve a UL-94 V0 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Tomiak F, Schneider K, Schoeffel A, Rathberger K, Drummer D. Expandable Graphite as a Multifunctional Flame-Retarding Additive for Highly Filled Thermal Conductive Polymer Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081613. [PMID: 35458364 PMCID: PMC9031968 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Angelina Schoeffel
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Klaus Rathberger
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061263. [PMID: 35335591 PMCID: PMC8951083 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was investigated in glass fiber- (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Burning characteristics were evaluated via cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the decomposition process as well as flame retardant modes of actions. Specifically, in the cone calorimeter tests, formulations containing EG showed excellent flame retardant properties for non-reinforced and reinforced PA6. The best performance was achieved for 25 wt.% glass fiber-reinforced PA6 containing solely 20 wt.% EG, corresponding to a measured pHRR of 134 kW/m2 and a total smoke production of 1.2 m2. Higher glass fiber contents of 45 wt.% (30 vol.%) revealed a lower char volume, which was attributed to both the limited space available for expansion and the sheer-induced reduction in particle size during processing. All of the reinforced PA6 formulations only achieved V2 classifications, but this was at low filling degrees (10 wt.%) for both net EG or EG/AlPi/MPP combinations. For GF-reinforced PA6 containing EG/AlPi/MPP mixtures, a synergistic effect was found to improve the oxygen index up to 30.6%.
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Expandable Graphite for Flame Retardant PA6 Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162733. [PMID: 34451272 PMCID: PMC8400737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new expandable graphite (EG) type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The fire behavior was characterized by a cone calorimeter using external heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 65 kW/m2, limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 burning tests. Additionally, electric and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties were characterized to provide a general property overview. Fire tests were conducted using dry and humid conditioned samples. Cone Calorimeter tests showed a minimum filling degree of 15 wt.% (8.6 vol.%) EG was required to achieve a significant fire inhibiting effect in PA6 independent of the sample condition. UL-94 fire tests show a V0 classification at filling degrees greater than 20 wt.% (humid) and 25 wt.% (dry), although the associated LOI values of 39% and 38% demonstrate good flammability inhibition. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify major influences given by the sample condition for most important key figures measured in cone calorimeter tests. Accordingly, humid-conditioned samples containing between 2.5 (PA6 + 25 wt.% EG) and 4.2 wt.% (PA6) water were found to reduce the total heat evolved (THE) on average by 16% and the total smoke production (TSP) on average by 22%.
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A Synergistic Flame Retardant System Based on Expandable Graphite, Aluminum (Diethyl-)Polyphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate for Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162712. [PMID: 34451250 PMCID: PMC8400679 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG), aluminum (diethyl)polyphosphinate (AlPi) and melamine polyphophate (MPP) was used as flame retardant multi-material additive in a polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix. Flame inhabitation performances were conducted by cone calorimeter, LOI and UL-94 tests, synergisms identified analyzed by TGA-FTIR and TGA-GC/MS and effects found were comprehensively discussed. SEM images were used for char residue characterization. For PA6 containing 20 wt.% EG and 5 wt.% AlPi/MPP (3:2), a well working synergism in limiting oxygen indices could be identified exhibiting the highest oxygen index (OI) measured: 46%. The study shows that the synergism due to the partial substitution of EG by AlPi/MPP can be attributed to two effects: (1) When PA6/AlPi/MPP mixtures decompose predominantly CO2 evaporates in early decomposition stages. CO2 evaporations was found to be sensitive to the heating rate applied, whereas specifically high heating rates increased the CO2 yield measured. (2) Solid decomposition products of AlPi/MPP act as "glue" between expanded graphite and thus increase the mechanical residue stability.
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Thi NH, Nguyen TN, Oanh HT, Trang NTT, Tham DQ, Nguyen HT, Van Nguyen T, Hoang MH. Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Hac Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thanh Nhan Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ho Thi Oanh
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Do Quang Tham
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ha Tran Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Technology Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Mai Ha Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
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Pan Y, Yuan Y, Wang D, Yang R. An Overview of the Flame Retardants for Poly(vinyl chloride): Recent States and Perspective
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye‐Tang Pan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yongshuai Yuan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - De‐Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe Madrid Spain
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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10
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Wang C, Hong L, Tian C. Preparation and properties of flame‐retardant damping polyurethane and its application in floating deck. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congying Wang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Science, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Science, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Tian
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Science, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang G, Xu W, Chen R, Li W, Liu Y, Yang K. Synergistic effect between zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 and expandable graphite to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of polyurethane elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Jianzhu University 292 Ziyun Road Hefei 230601 Anhui Province People's Republic of China
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12
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Eceiza I, Barrio A, Martín L, Veganzones MA, Fernández-Berridi MJ, Irusta L. Thermal and fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate based polyurethane foams containing conventional flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Eceiza
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - A. Barrio
- TECNALIA, Construction Division, Area Anardi 5; Azpeitia E-20730 Spain
| | - L. Martín
- Macrobehaviour-Mesostructure-Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Plaza Europa 1; Donostia San Sebastian 20018 Spain
| | - M. A. Veganzones
- GIPSA-Lab, CNRS, 11 rue des Mathématiques, Grenoble Campus, BP.46; F-38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex France
- NEM Solutions; Paseo Mikeletegi 54 San Sebastian 20009 Spain
| | - M. J. Fernández-Berridi
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - L. Irusta
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
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13
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Mngomezulu ME, Luyt AS, Chapple SA, John MJ. Effect of expandable graphite on thermal and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)-starch/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) blend systems. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mfiso E. Mngomezulu
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13; Phuthaditjhaba, 9866 South Africa
| | - Adriaan S. Luyt
- Center for Advanced Materials; Qatar University, PO Box 2713; Doha Qatar
| | - Steve A. Chapple
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
| | - Maya J. John
- CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing; Polymers and Composites Competence Area, P.O. Box 1124; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 1600; Port Elizabeth, 6000 South Africa
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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Vahabi H, Raveshtian A, Fasihi M, Sonnier R, Saeb MR, Dumazert L, Kandola BK. Competitiveness and synergy between three flame retardants in poly(ethylene- co -vinyl acetate). Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jin X, Chen C, Sun J, Zhang X, Gu X, Zhang S. The synergism between melamine and expandable graphite on improving the flame retardancy of polyamide 11. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316628965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) has attracted more and more attention in fire science society due to its excellent char-forming ability, however, it cannot meet commercial flame-retardant requirements because of the low intensity of the char. This work reported our very recent efforts on improving the char quality of EG by introducing melamine (MEL) in order to enhance the fire resistance and thermal stability of polyamide 11 (PA 11) composite. The flammability characterized by limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter (cone) tests shows that the presence of both EG and MEL can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of PA 11 composites. The scanning electron microscopic analysis shows that EG and MEL are beneficial to form compact char layers that can isolate the matrix from heat and oxygen. It is proposed that the formation of hydrogen bonds between MEL and PA 11 are crucial for improving the flame retardancy of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) grafted poly(vinyl chloride)s synthesized via ATRP process and their membranes for dye separation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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