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Dagdag O, Kim H. Progress in the Field of Cyclophosphazenes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:122. [PMID: 38201787 PMCID: PMC10780494 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the realm of cyclophosphazenes, encompassing their preparation methodologies, distinctive properties, and diverse applications. The synthesis approaches are explored, highlighting advancements in the preparation of these cyclic compounds. The discussion extends to the distinctive properties exhibited by cyclophosphazenes, including thermal stability characteristics, and other relevant features. Furthermore, we examine the broad spectrum of applications for cyclophosphazenes in various fields, such as coatings, adhesives, composites, extractants, metal complexes, organometallic chemistry, medicine, and inorganic chemistry. This review aims to offer insights into the evolving landscape of cyclophosphazenes and their ever-expanding roles in contemporary scientific and technological arenas. Future possibilities are emphasized, and significant research data shortages are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hansang Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Improvement of the flame retardant and thermomechanical properties of epoxy resins by a vanillin-derived cyclotriphosphazene-cored triazole compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Pd on cyclotriphosphazen-hexa imine decorated boehmite as an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitro arenes under mild reaction condition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15040. [PMID: 36057643 PMCID: PMC9440888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclotriphosphazen-hexa imine ligand was prepared through successive reactions of phosphonitrilchloride trimer with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane. The as-prepared ligand was then covalently grafted on boehmite to furnish an efficient support for the immobilization of Pd nanoparticles and synthesis of a novel heterogeneous catalyst for hydrogenation of nitro arenes. The catalytic tests revealed that the catalyst had excellent catalytic activity for hydrogenation of various nitro arenes with different steric and electronic features under mild reaction condition in aqueous media. Noteworthy, the catalyst was highly selective and in the substrates with ketone or aldehyde functionalities, reduction of nitro group was only observed. The catalyst was also recyclable and only slight loss of activity was detected after each recycling run. Hot filtration test also approved true heterogeneous nature of catalysis.
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Malkappa K, Bandyopadhyay J, Ojijo V, Ray SS. Superior flame retardancy, antidripping, and thermomechanical properties of polyamide nanocomposites with graphene‐based hybrid flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuruma Malkappa
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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5
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Chen X, Wang B, Hao Z, Tan G, Selim MS, Yu J, Huang Y. Synergistic Effect of Multifunctional Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Hybrids and Modified Phosphagen with an Active Amino Group for Enhancing the Smoke Suppression and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21714-21726. [PMID: 35785288 PMCID: PMC9245116 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP), phosphomolybdate (PMoA), as a classical Keggin cluster, was successfully intercalated into Mg, Al, and Zn layered double hydrotalcite (LDH) by the reconstruction method, and it was denoted as MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA. The structure and morphology of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, hexa(4-aminophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) was prepared and characterized as a high-performance organic flame retardant, which is rich in flame elements phosphorus and nitrogen. The synergistic effects of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP on the fire safety of EP composites loaded with different amounts of flame retardant hybrids were studied in detail. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the char residue of these EP composites increased significantly. Compared with the EP matrix filled with only MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA or HACP, the incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP had a synergistic effect on promoting char formation of EP composites. Particularly, the char yield of EP7 is as high as 29.0%. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA with HACP were investigated using the cone calorimeter combustion tests. The results showed that the total heat release and peak heat release rate of the EP composites remarkably declined by 35.2 and 50.9%, respectively, with a loading of 7 wt % hybrid flame retardant. Moreover, the hybrid flame retardants also showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the total smoke production and the release of toxic CO gas. The detailed analysis of the residual char indicated that the main mechanism for improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to both the catalytic carbonization of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and phosphoric acid compounds and physical barrier function of the char layer. In addition, the molybdenum oxides produced from [PMo12O40]3- during combustion can not only increase the yield and compactness of the char layer but also reduce the release of CO through a redox reaction, which has important application value to reduce the fire hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Hao
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guizhen Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed S. Selim
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Petroleum
Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum
Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jian Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingmin Huang
- Guangzhou
Panyu Cable Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Polyimide Copolymers and Nanocomposites: A Review of the Synergistic Effects of the Constituents on the Fire-Retardancy Behavior. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based polymer can catch fire when used as cathode material in batteries and supercapacitors, due to short circuiting. Polyimide is known to exhibit flame retardancy by forming char layer in condensed phase. The high char yield of polyimide is attributed to its aromatic nature and the existence of a donor–acceptor complex in its backbone. Fabrication of hybrid polyimide material can provide better protection against fire based on multiple fire-retardancy mechanisms. Nanocomposites generally show a significant enhancement in mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Nanoparticles, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, can enhance flame retardancy in condensed phase by forming a dense char layer. Silicone-based materials can also provide fire retardancy in condensed phase by a similar mechanism as polyimide. However, some inorganic fire retardants, such as phosphazene, can enhance flame retardancy in gaseous phase by releasing flame inhibiting radicals. The flame inhibiting radicals generated by phosphazene are released into the gaseous phase during combustion. A hybrid system constituted of polyimide, silicone-based additives, and phosphazene would provide significant improvement in flame retardancy in both the condensed phase and gas phase. In this review, several flame-retardant polyimide-based systems are described. This review which focuses on the various combinations of polyimide and other candidate fire-retardant materials would shed light on the nature of an effective multifunctional flame-retardant hybrid materials.
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Duyar H, Çelebi EB, Ayar C, Hacıvelioğlu F. Synthesis and characterisation of epoxy-functional cyclotriphosphazenes and investigation of their thermal behaviour in powder epoxy resin formulations. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2080077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halil Duyar
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Elif Büşra Çelebi
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Ayar
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ferda Hacıvelioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Sirotin IS, Filatov SN. Advances in the Synthesis of Oligomer Epoxyphosphazenes with Reduced Inflammability. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Jeevananthan V, Shanmugan S. Halogen-free layered double hydroxide-cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate flame retardants: effects of cyclotriphosphazene di, tetra and hexacarboxylate intercalation on layered double hydroxides against the combustible epoxy resin coated on wood substrates. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23322-23336. [PMID: 36090417 PMCID: PMC9380775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of halogen-free flame retardants as environmentally friendly and renewable materials for heat and fire-resistant applications in the field of electronics is important to ensure safety measures. In this regard, we have proposed a simple and halogen-free strategy for the synthesis of flame retardant LDH-PN materials to decrease the fire hazards of epoxy resin (EP), via a co-precipitation reaction between Mg(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 and the subsequent incorporation of different cyclotriphosphazene (PN) carboxylate anions. The cyclotriphosphazene-based di, tetra and hexacarboxylate-intercalated layered double hydroxides are designated as LDH-PN-DC, LDH-PN-TC and LDH-PN-HC, respectively. Furthermore, the intercalation of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate anions into the LDH layers was confirmed by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, solid-state 31P NMR, nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis (BET), HR-SEM and XPS. Evaluation of the flame retardant (vertical burning test and limiting oxygen index) properties was demonstrated by formulating the LDH-PN materials with epoxy resin (EP) in different ratios coated on wood substrates to achieve the desired behaviour of the EP/LDH-PN composites. Structure–property analysis reveals that EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt% achieved a V0 rating in the UL-94 V test and achieved higher LOI values (27.7 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and 29 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt%) compared to the epoxy-coated wood substrate (23.2 vol%), whereas EP/LDH-PN-DC failed in the vertical burning test for various weight percentages of LDH-PN-DC from 5 wt% to 20 wt% in the composites, with a lower LOI value of 22.1 vol%. Excellent flame retardancy was observed for EP/LDH-PN-TC and EP/LDH-PN-HC due to the presence of more binding sites of carboxylate anions in the LDH layers and less or no spiro groups in cyclotriphosphazene compared to that in EP/LDH-PN-DC. In addition, the synergistic flame retardant effect of the combination of LDH and cyclotriphosphazene on the epoxy resin composites remains very effective in creating a non-volatile protective film on the surface of the wood substrate to shelter it from air, absorb the heat and increase the ignition time, which prevents the supply of oxygen during the combustion process. The results of this study show that the proposed strategy for designing flame-retardant properties represents the state-of-the-art, competent coating of inorganic materials for the protection and functionalization of wood substrates. The flame retardant properties of the different types of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate-intercalated LDH materials are emphasized by increasing the number of binding sites and decreasing the number of spiro groups in the cyclotriphosphazene core.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Jeevananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Shanmugan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Liu D, Ji P, Zhang T, Lv J, Cui Y. A bi-DOPO type of flame retardancy epoxy prepolymer: Synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Ning K, Zhou LL, Zhao B. A novel aminothiazole-based cyclotriphosphazene derivate towards epoxy resins for high flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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15
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Xu W, Cheng Z, Zhong D, Qin Z, Zhou N, Li W. Effect of two‐dimensional zeolitic imidazolate
frameworks‐L
on flame retardant property of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zihao Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Di Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhongqiong Qin
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Nan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Wu Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei Anhui China
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16
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Dagdag O, Bachiri AE, Hamed O, Haldhar R, Verma C, Ebenso E, Gouri ME. Dendrimeric Epoxy Resins Based on Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene as a Reactive Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Effect of Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Curing Agents on the Flame Resistance of Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010008. [PMID: 33375094 PMCID: PMC7792796 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are characterized by excellent properties such as chemical resistance, shape stability, hardness and heat resistance, but they present low flame resistance. In this work, the synthesized derivatives, namely hexacyclohexylamino-cyclotriphosphazene (HCACTP) and novel diaminotetracyclohexylamino-cyclotriphosphazene (DTCATP), were applied as curing agents for halogen-free flame retarding epoxy materials. The thermal properties and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were investigated. The obtained results revealed that the application of both derivatives significantly increased flame resistance. The epoxy resins cured with HCACTP and DTCATP exhibited lower total heat release together with lower total smoke production compared to the epoxy materials based on conventional curing agents (dipropylenetriamine and ethylenediamine). Comparing both derivatives, the HCACTP-cured epoxy resin was found to provide a higher flame resistance. The designed novel class of epoxy materials may be used for the preparation of materials with improved flame resistance properties in terms of flame spreading and smoke inhibition.
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Gan H, Seraji SM, Zhang J, Swan SR, Issazadeh S, Varley RJ. Synthesis of a phosphorus‑silicone modifier imparting excellent flame retardancy and improved mechanical properties to a rapid cure epoxy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Qu L, Sui Y, Zhang C, Li P, Dai X, Xu B. Compatible cyclophosphazene-functionalized graphene hybrids to improve flame retardancy for epoxy nanocomposites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhu J, Zhang Q, Chen H, Zhang R, Liu L, Yu J. Setaria Viridis-Inspired Electrode with Polyaniline Decorated on Porous Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Flexible Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43634-43645. [PMID: 32909429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanofibers are promising as primary electrode materials for supercapacitors on account of high specific surface area, lightweight, superior physicochemical stability, rich resource, and renewability. However, constructing porous and flexible carbon electrode materials with high capacitance for practical applications remains challenging. Here, heteroatom-decorated hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber composites containing phosphazene [N3P3(p-OC6H4-p-CHO)6, HAPCP], polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and graphene oxide (GO) are prepared through one-step electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment. The alternant phosphorus-nitrogen structure links to the carbon backbones to improve flexibility and electrochemical performance. Inspired by a biomimetic Setaria viridis-like structure, the polyaniline (PANI)-decorated porous hybrid electrodes are prepared. The PANI@GO/PMMA/HAPCP/PAN carbon nanofibers (400P@0.1GPHCNFs) covered by PANI nanofibers as a novel free-standing flexible electrode exhibit an excellent electrochemical performance of 680.8 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 with a good capacitance retention of 93.5% after 3000 cycles. Moreover, the symmetric flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor assembled by the novel and delicate electrodes exhibits a high energy density of 27.70 W h kg-1 (at a power density of 231.08 W kg-1) and favorable cycling stability (84.50% retention of the capacitance after 1000 charge-discharge cycles), which indicates that the 400P@0.1GPHCNFs have great potential as a high-performance flexible supercapacitor electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Heping Chen
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhang
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Huang X, Jing Q, Lin Y, Wang Y, Ye Y. Synthesis of A Novel Cyclotriphosphazene and Its Enhancement of Anti‐aging and Flame Retardancy of Polyolefin. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐zheng Huang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
- School of Civil Engineering Nanyang Institute of Technology Nanyang 473004 Henan Province China
| | - Qi Jing
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Yu‐hui Lin
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Yi‐xiao Wang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Yi‐Fei Ye
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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22
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Wang L, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wang N, Li F, Yu H, Cui J, Guo J, Mu B, Tian L. Synthesis of multielement phosphazene derivative and the study on flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320937392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have successfully synthesized phosphorus/nitrogen/silicon tri-elements compound phosphazene derivative hexa-[4-( N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)acetamide)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene (HNTPC) from hexachlorotriphosphazenitrile, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine, and it was used as an additive flame retardant in epoxy resin (EP). Then, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composite (HNTPC/EP) were tested. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the presence of HNTPC made EP matrix decompose at a relatively low temperature, thus promoted the formation of a stable coke layer and protected the matrix from fire. Therefore, the amount of carbon residue was markedly increased at 800°C, indicating an outstanding condensed phase flame-retardant effect. Furthermore, various combustion test data manifested that the addition of HNTPC could significantly improve the flame-retardant performance of EP. In addition, the sample could pass the vertical burning tests (UL-94) V-1 grade when the addition amount was 10% and the limiting oxygen index value was 32.6%, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate decreased by 40.0% and 21.5%, respectively. Besides, the results of scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also showed that HNTPC can promote the formation of carbon layer and improved the flame-retardant property of EP. Finally, the condensed phase and gas phase synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of HNTPC was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Yang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Niannian Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuchong Li
- PetroChina Lanzhou Chemical Research Center, Heshuibei, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Mu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
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23
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Wei W, Sun X, Ye W, Zhang B, Fei X, Li X, Liu X. Thermal latent curing agent for epoxy resins from neutralization of 2‐methylimidazole with a phosphazene‐containing polyfunctional carboxylic acid. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- Wuxi Chuangda Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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Chi Z, Guo Z, Xu Z, Zhang M, Li M, Shang L, Ao Y. A DOPO-based phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant bio-based epoxy resin from diphenolic acid: Synthesis, flame-retardant behavior and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Bobrov MF, Buzin MI, Primakov PV, Chistyakov EM. Investigation of hexakis[2-formylphenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene structure by single crystal X-ray diffraction and computer simulation. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Cheng Z, Fang M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li H, Qian J. Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of a Cured Trifunctional Epoxy Resin with the Synergistic Effects of Silicon/Titanium. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4200-4212. [PMID: 32149250 PMCID: PMC7057714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An amino curing agent containing silicon/titanium flame-retardant elements (STCA) based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetrabutyl titanate was successfully prepared. The thermal decomposition and flame-retardant properties of a STCA-cured trifunctional epoxy resin, which was facilely synthesized by 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane and epichlorohydrin via a two-step method, were compared with those of another amino curing agent containing silicon (SCA) based on APTES and methyltrimethoxysilane. The structures of STCA and SCA were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 29Si NMR, and Raman spectroscopies. The STCA-cured thermoset not only had good thermal stability with an initial decomposition temperature of 344.8 °C and a char yield of 52.7% at 800 °C but also exhibited the overall improvement of flame-retardant properties. V-0 rating was achieved using the UL-94 test, and the value of limiting oxygen index reached 33.8%. From the thermogravimetry-infrared test, the yield of pyrolysis products of the STCA-cured thermoset was significantly decreased, indicating the lower toxicity in contrast to the SCA-cured thermoset. Flame-retardant performances were also investigated using the cone calorimetry test, and the flame retardancy mechanism was studied using scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The results indicate that the introduction of silicon/titanium to the system reveals the synergistic effects to promote the formation of an intumescent, sufficient, and compact char layer during combustion, which could effectively prevent heat, oxygen, and flame from penetrating into the interior structure, and lead to the retardance of further combustion.
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Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Li S, Sun M, Liu C, Zhang X, Li J, Wang W, Zhang B. Synthesis and application of a novel 5-hydroxymethyl resorcinol diglycidyl ether-terminated polyurethane. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1698963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Li
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caizhao Liu
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xugang Zhang
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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29
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Borisov RS, Mu J, Kuznetsov DA, Eroshenko AV, Filatov SN, Sirotin IS. Synthesis of Bisphenol A Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Resin with Reduced Viscosity. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121914. [PMID: 31757068 PMCID: PMC6960611 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy oligomers (PEO) were synthesized by the interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), phenol, and bisphenol A in a medium of excess of epichlorohydrin using potassium carbonate and hydroxide as HCl acceptors with the aim of obtaining a product with lower viscosity and higher phosphazene content. PEOs are mixtures of epoxycyclophosphazene (ECP) and a conventional organic epoxy resin based on bisphenol A in an amount controlled by the ratio of the initial mono- and diphenol. According to 31P NMR spectroscopy, pentasubstituted aryloxycyclotrophosphazene compounds predominate in the ECP composition. The relative content in the ECP radicals of mono- and diphenol was determined by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method. The organic epoxy fraction, according to gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), contains 50-70 wt % diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. PEO resins obtained in the present work have reduced viscosity when compared to other known phosphazene-containging epoxy resins while phosphazene content is still about 50 wt %. Resins with an epoxy number within 12-17 wt %, are cured by conventional curing agents to form compositions with flame-retardant properties, while other characteristics of these compositions are at the level of conventional epoxy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Kireev
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Yulya V. Bilichenko
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Roman S. Borisov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Peoples′ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Dmitry A. Kuznetsov
- Scientific & Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies—Gazprom VNIIGAZ, Razvilka, s.p. Razvilkovskoe, Leninsky dist., Moscow region, 142717 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Eroshenko
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Sergey N. Filatov
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Igor S. Sirotin
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-978-9265
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30
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Li A, Mao P, Liang B. The application of a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent in epoxy resin. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn order to improve the compatibility of flame retardant and epoxy resin, a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent poly(p-xylylenediamine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) (PPXSPB) was synthesized. FTIR, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy were used to identify the chemical structure of PPXSPB. Epoxy resin (E-44) and PPXSPB as the raw material, a series of thermosetting systems were prepared. The effects of PPXSPB on flame retardancy, water resistance, thermal degradation behavior, mechanical properties and the adhesive strength of EP/PPXSPB thermosets were investigated. The results show that with the increase of phosphorus content, the oxygen index and carbon residue of the system both increased significantly, and the heat release rate gradually decreased, which is of great significance in delaying the occurrence of fire. When the phosphorus content is 3.24% in EP/PPXSPB thermosets, EP-2 can successfully pass the UL94 V-0 flammability rating, the LOI value of EP-2 can reach 31.4%, the impact strength and tensile strength was 6.58 kJ/m2 and 47.10 MPa respectively, and the adhesive strength was 13.79 MPa, the system presents a good overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxin Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang110870, China
| | - Pingli Mao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang110870, China
| | - Bing Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang110142, China
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31
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Design and Application of Highly Efficient Flame Retardants for Polycarbonate Combining the Advantages of Cyclotriphosphazene and Silicone Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071155. [PMID: 31284539 PMCID: PMC6680785 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (HSPCTP) was successfully designed and incorporated into a polycarbonate (PC) matrix. Combining the advantages of cyclotriphosphazene and silicone oil, PC/HSPCTP composites passed UL-94 V-0 rating testing with only 3 wt% HSPCTP, and their LOI value increased from 25.0% to 28.4%. The findings showed that HSPCTP exhibits both gas-phase and solid-phase flame-retardant effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of HSPCTP into PC could suppress the release of smoke. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism is discussed in depth.
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32
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Synthesis of Resorcinol-Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040614. [PMID: 30960598 PMCID: PMC6523329 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy-resorcinol oligomers (PERO) are synthesized in one stage with the direct interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), resorcinol, and epichlorohydrin in the presence of solid NaOH. Depending on the initial ratio of HCP:resorcinol, PERO contains from 20 to 50 wt.% phosphazene component (2.0–4.8% of phosphorus) and have an epoxy group content up to 30 %. Products are characterized using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. According to mass spectrometry, the phosphazene fractions of PERO include up to 30 individual compounds with a predominance of cyclotriphosphazenes with one unsubstituted chlorine atom and four or five glycidyl groups. PERO has a lower viscosity in comparison with similar resins based on bisphenol A, which can simplify their use as a binder for polymer composites, adhesives, and paints.
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33
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Facile fabrication of biobased P N C-containing nano-layered hybrid: Preparation, growth mechanism and its efficient fire retardancy in epoxy. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Borisov RS, Sirotin IS, Filatov SN. Laser Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Formation of Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Oligomers. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090418030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Wazarkar K, Sabnis A. Synergistic effect of P S and crosslink density on performance properties of epoxy coatings cured with cardanol based multifunctional carboxyl curing agents. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Hexa-[4-(glycidyloxycarbonyl) phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene chain extender for preparing high-performance flame retardant polyamide 6 composites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Nikovskii IA, Chistyakov EM, Tupikov AS. Phosphazene-Containing Ligands and Complexes on Their Base. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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He J, Li X, Fu Y, Zhu H, Zhao G, Wang Z. Curing reaction mechanism and heat resistance properties of hexa-(4-carboxyl-phenoxy)-cyclotriphosphazene/bisphenol A aniline benzoxazine blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Yizheng Fu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Huibin Zhu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhe Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province; School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
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39
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Qu L, Zhang C, Li P, Dai X, Xu T, Sui Y, Gu J, Dou Y. Improved thermal properties of epoxy resin modified with polymethyl methacrylate-microencapsulated phosphorus-nitrogen-containing flame retardant. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29816-29829. [PMID: 35547319 PMCID: PMC9085426 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05911j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) composites with improved thermal resistance were fabricated. To solve the problem of low thermal resistance derived from phosphazene flame-retardant additives, we designed a system based on flame-retardant microcapsules P(H), with hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene as the core and polymethyl methacrylate as the shell. The core–shell structure was characterized and confirmed. The thermal resistance of the cured EP composites containing 1 wt% P(H) microcapsules was improved because of the increased glass transition temperatures. The P(2.75H)/EP composites can reach a limited oxygen index of 30.5% and V-1 rating in UL-94 tests. Heat and gas release rates were reduced during combustion tests. Residual images implied that the P(H) microcapsules may promote the formation of a flame-retardant char layer. Pyrolysis analysis demonstrated that the P(H) microcapsules can decompose in two procedures to produce flame-retardant gas components. Therefore, the flame-retardant mechanism involved the flame inhibition effect in the gas phase, and the charring effect in the condensed phase. Epoxy resin composites with improved thermal resistance and flame retardancy were fabricated based on P(H) microcapsules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Qu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Peihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Tianlu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Yanlong Sui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Jinjia Gu
- Jiangsu Oseaguard Building Materials & Technology Development Co., Ltd
- Nanjing 210000
- P. R. China
| | - Yanli Dou
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
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40
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Experimental and Numerical Study of the Interfacial Shear Strength in Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin Composite under Thermal Loads. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/3206817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the influence mechanism of temperature on the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between carbon fiber (CF) and epoxy resin (EP) matrices under various thermal loads using experimental and numerical simulation methods. To evaluate the change in IFSS as a function of the increase in temperature, a microbond test was performed under controlled temperature environment from 23°C to 150°C. The experimental results showed that IFSS values of CF/EP reduce significantly when the temperature reaches near glass transition temperature. To interpret the effect of thermal loads on IFSS, a thermal-mechanical coupling finite element model was used to simulate the process of fiber pull-out from EP. The results revealed that temperature dependence of IFSS is linked to modulus of the matrix as well as to the coefficients of thermal expansion of the fiber and matrix.
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41
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Liu C, Huang J, Zhu J, Yuan C, Zeng B, Chen G, Xu Y, Dai L. Synthesis of a novel azaphosphorine flame retardant and its application in epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Conghui Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Birong Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
| | - Lizong Dai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire-Retardant Materials, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 People's Republic of China
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43
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Liang WJ, Zhao B, Zhang CY, Jian RK, Liu DY, Liu YQ. Enhanced flame retardancy of DGEBA epoxy resin with a novel bisphenol-A bridged cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Chen Y, Li L, Wang W, Qian L. Preparation and characterization of surface-modified ammonium polyphosphate and its effect on the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; No. 11, Fucheng Road Haidian District Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; No. 11, Fucheng Road Haidian District Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; No. 11, Fucheng Road Haidian District Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; No. 11, Fucheng Road Haidian District Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
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45
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46
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Hexa(eugenol)cyclotriphosphazene modified bismaleimide resins with unique thermal stability and flame retardancy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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47
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Xu MJ, Liu C, Ma K, Leng Y, Li B. Effect of surface chemical modification for aluminum hypophosphite with hexa-(4-aldehyde-phenoxy)-cyclotriphosphazene on the fire retardancy, water resistance, and thermal properties for polyamide 6. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Jun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Kun Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yang Leng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040 China
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48
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Liang WJ, Zhao B, Zhao PH, Zhang CY, Liu YQ. Bisphenol-S bridged penta(anilino)cyclotriphosphazene and its application in epoxy resins: Synthesis, thermal degradation, and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Li S, Chen F, Zhang B, Luo Z, Li H, Zhao T. Structure and improved thermal stability of phenolic resin containing silicon and boron elements. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Synthesis of a novel bridged-cyclotriphosphazene flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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