1
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Liu Y, Xu S, Chen Q, Xu J, Sun B. Synergistic effect of modified anhydrous magnesium carbonate and hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene on flame retardancy of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15143-15154. [PMID: 38725564 PMCID: PMC11079627 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01669f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is widely used in various applications; however, its flammability limits its application in wire and cable industries. In this study, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) was successfully grafted onto the surface of anhydrous magnesium carbonate (AMC) by alkali activation treatment. The KH570 modified AMC (AMC@KH570) was then introduced into the EVA matrix along with hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) to assess their effects on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EVA composites. The results illustrate a significant synergistic effect in enhancing the flame retardancy of EVA composites by using AMC@KH570 and HPCTP, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL-94) of EVA filled with 5 wt% HPCTP and 45 wt% AMC@KH570 (mAMC/H-45-5) reached 27.6% and V-0, respectively. The flame retardant mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric/infrared (TG-IR) spectroscopy and residual carbon composition analysis. The results show that the thermal decomposition of AMC@KH570 and HPCTP consists of gas dilution, free radical quenching, and catalytic carbonization. Furthermore, KH570 works as a bridge to improve the compatibility of AMC and EVA matrix, which offsets the mechanical loss of EVA to some extent. The present research provides a new path to modify AMC and fabricate EVA composites with excellent flame retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shiai Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University Xining 810016 China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University Xining 810016 China
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2
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Li P, Wang J, Wang C, Xu C, Ni A. The Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of the Epoxy Modified by an Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:631. [PMID: 38475315 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the mechanical performance reduction caused by excessive phosphorus content in the halogen-free flame-retardant EP has been an obstacle to its extensive application. This study presents the effective synthesis of a novel flame-retardant BDD with great efficiency, achieving an optimum phosphorus level of merely 0.25 wt %. The structure of BDD was verified by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR and XPS spectra. To investigate the flame-retardant properties of BDD, several EPs with various phosphorus levels were synthesized. The addition of phosphorus to the EP significantly increases its LOI value from 25.8% to 33.4% at a phosphorus level of 0.25 wt%. Additionally, the resin achieves a V-0 grade in the UL 94 test. The P-HRR and THR of the modified resin measured by the cone calorimeter are also significantly reduced. At the same time, the addition of a modest quantity of BDD has a minimal impact on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. This study shows that the removal of hydroxyl groups significantly enhances the fire resistance of phosphate-based flame retardants, thereby providing a novel approach to synthesizing efficient flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aiqing Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Khanal S, Lu Y, Dang L, Xu S. Improving the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant/high‐density polyethylene composites using surfactant‐modified montmorillonite clay. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Khanal
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Central Department of Chemistry Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Yunhua Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Shiai Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- School of Chemical Engineering Qinghai University Xining China
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4
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Lee Sanchez WA, Huang CY, Chen JX, Soong YC, Chan YN, Chiou KC, Lee TM, Cheng CC, Chiu CW. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites Filled with Al 2O 3/Boron Nitride Hybrids for Underfill Encapsulation Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:E147. [PMID: 33401420 PMCID: PMC7795928 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a thermal conductivity of 0.22 W·m-1·K-1 was obtained for pristine epoxy (EP), and the impact of a hybrid filler composed of two-dimensional (2D) flake-like boron nitride (BN) and zero-dimensional (0D) spherical micro-sized aluminum oxide (Al2O3) on the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin was investigated. With 80 wt.% hybrid Al2O3-BN filler contents, the thermal conductivity of the EP composite reached 1.72 W·m-1·K-1, increasing approximately 7.8-fold with respect to the pure epoxy matrix. Furthermore, different important properties for the application were analyzed, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, viscosity, morphology, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transition temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature (Td), dielectric properties, and thermal infrared images. The obtained thermal performance is suitable for specific electronic applications such as flip-chip underfill packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Anderson Lee Sanchez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (W.A.L.S.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.-X.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
| | - Chen-Yang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (W.A.L.S.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.-X.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
| | - Jian-Xun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (W.A.L.S.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.-X.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
| | - Yu-Chian Soong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (W.A.L.S.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.-X.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
| | - Ying-Nan Chan
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-C.C.); (T.-M.L.)
| | - Kuo-Chan Chiou
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-C.C.); (T.-M.L.)
| | - Tzong-Ming Lee
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-C.C.); (T.-M.L.)
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Wei Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (W.A.L.S.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.-X.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
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5
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Luo Q, Sun Y, Yu B, Song J, Tan D, Zhao J, Yan S. Synthesis of a hyperbranched polyamide oligomer containing
DOPO
for simultaneously enhancing the flame retardance and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Yulin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Jiangli Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Dexin Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Shijing Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products School of Chemistry Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning China
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6
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Khanal S, Lu Y, Dang L, Ali M, Xu S. Effects of α-zirconium phosphate and zirconium organophosphonate on the thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties of intumescent flame retardant high density polyethylene composites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30990-31002. [PMID: 35516048 PMCID: PMC9056347 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of synergistic agents with intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) is an excellent strategy for the development of high-performance flame retardant composites. Zirconium-based compounds are multifunctional materials with applications in various fields. In this study, zirconium-based compounds were synthesized and then combined with an IFR composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) to prepare flame retardant high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) and two organic–inorganic hybrids (zirconium organophosphonate), Zr-ATMP and Zr-PA, were prepared using amino tri (methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP) and phytic acid (PA), respectively, and their thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, tensile test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement and cone calorimetry test. The results showed that the LOI value of HD/IFR/Zr-ATMP composite reached a maximum of 26.2% using 25 wt% of flame retardant containing 3 wt% of Zr-ATMP. Of the three zirconium-based compounds, Zr-ATMP and α-ZrP can reduce the peak heat release rate compared with the composite containing only IFR. However, zirconium-based compounds showed no significant improvement of tensile strength. Zirconium-based compounds are combined with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to prepare flame retardant high density polyethylene composites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Khanal
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China +86-21-64253353.,Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Yunhua Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China +86-21-64253353
| | - Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University Xining 810016 China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China +86-21-64253353
| | - Shiai Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China +86-21-64253353.,School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University Xining 810016 China
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7
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Improved flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites modified with a low additive content of silica-microencapsulated phosphazene flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Preparation and characterization of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)–magnesium hydroxide (MH)–hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) composite flame-retardant materials. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Qu L, Zhang C, Li P, Dai X, Xu T, Sui Y, Gu J, Dou Y. Improved thermal properties of epoxy resin modified with polymethyl methacrylate-microencapsulated phosphorus-nitrogen-containing flame retardant. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29816-29829. [PMID: 35547319 PMCID: PMC9085426 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05911j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) composites with improved thermal resistance were fabricated. To solve the problem of low thermal resistance derived from phosphazene flame-retardant additives, we designed a system based on flame-retardant microcapsules P(H), with hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene as the core and polymethyl methacrylate as the shell. The core–shell structure was characterized and confirmed. The thermal resistance of the cured EP composites containing 1 wt% P(H) microcapsules was improved because of the increased glass transition temperatures. The P(2.75H)/EP composites can reach a limited oxygen index of 30.5% and V-1 rating in UL-94 tests. Heat and gas release rates were reduced during combustion tests. Residual images implied that the P(H) microcapsules may promote the formation of a flame-retardant char layer. Pyrolysis analysis demonstrated that the P(H) microcapsules can decompose in two procedures to produce flame-retardant gas components. Therefore, the flame-retardant mechanism involved the flame inhibition effect in the gas phase, and the charring effect in the condensed phase. Epoxy resin composites with improved thermal resistance and flame retardancy were fabricated based on P(H) microcapsules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Qu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Peihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Xueyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Tianlu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Yanlong Sui
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Jinjia Gu
- Jiangsu Oseaguard Building Materials & Technology Development Co., Ltd
- Nanjing 210000
- P. R. China
| | - Yanli Dou
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
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10
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Guan Q, Yuan L, Wu S, Gu A, Liang G. Enhanced thermal and dielectric properties of hybrid organic/inorganic shell microcapsule/thermosetting resin nanocomposites. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Shenmei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Aijuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou PR China
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11
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Liang WJ, Zhao B, Zhang CY, Jian RK, Liu DY, Liu YQ. Enhanced flame retardancy of DGEBA epoxy resin with a novel bisphenol-A bridged cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Yang J, Mao X, Du L, Wu B, Zhang F, Hu W, Tang X. Thermally stabilized bismaleimide–triazine resin composites for 10-GHz level high-frequency application. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317732396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid cured resin with excellent dielectric and thermal properties was prepared with bismaleimide–triazine (BT) resin modified with 2,2′-diallylbisphenol A (DBA). The thermal and dielectric properties of the resin were investigated, and the effect of DBA concentration on the curing reaction was determined. Results indicated that DBA significantly influenced the curing reaction and the properties of the cured product. The modified BT resins exhibited outstanding thermal stability (initial decomposition temperature was over 400°C), although the stability was slightly lower than that of pure BT resins. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the cured resin decreased when DBA was introduced into the BT resins. Moreover, the fabricated resins showed dielectric constant of 2.91–3.07 and dielectric loss lower than 0.0057 under the testing high-frequency range of 1 GHz to 15 GHz. Overall, the BT resins modified by DBA display great potential to be applied in high frequency field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lirong Du
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Hu
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhong Tang
- School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Hexa(eugenol)cyclotriphosphazene modified bismaleimide resins with unique thermal stability and flame retardancy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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The enhanced compatibility and flame retarding ability of UHMWPE-MH composites by adding phenoxycyclophosphazene (HPCTP). Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-1918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Ma C, Yu B, Hong N, Pan Y, Hu W, Hu Y. Facile Synthesis of a Highly Efficient, Halogen-Free, and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins: Thermal Properties, Combustion Behaviors, and Flame-Retardant Mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Hong
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P.R. China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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