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Lai M, Wang Y, Li F, Zhao J. Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Lignosulfonate-Based Phosphorus-Containing Intermediates and Its Composite Si-P-C Silicone-Acrylic Emulsion Coating for Flame-Retardant Plywood. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12573-12593. [PMID: 38843172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Through the substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and sodium lignosulfonate (LS), a novel phosphorus-containing sodium lignosulfonate (DAL) was successfully synthesized via the solvothermal method and used as a multifunctional flame retardant to prepare a novel silicone-acrylic emulsion (SAE) composite Si-P-C coating. The structure of DAL was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (solid-state 13C NMR and 31P NMR). The results demonstrated that incorporating an appropriate dosage of DAL (0.9 g, 1.5 wt %) into SAE-based composite coatings enhances flame retardancy and reduces heat release and smoke production during burning. The peak heat release rate (p-HRR) decreases from 236.7 to 120.3 kW·m-2, total smoke production (TSP) decreases by 71.1%, and the flame-retardant index increases from 1.00 to 4.58. Meanwhile, the coating is transformed into a dense and nonflammable vitreous polyphosphate barrier layer during the firing process to prevent heat or mass transfer. Furthermore, the pyrolysis kinetics identify that the 3D Z-L-T model governs the coatings' pyrolysis, and the appropriate DAL makes the pyrolysis Eα climb from 300.98 to 331.30 kJ·mol-1 at 358-439 °C. Hence, this study presents a new synthesis method of multifunctional flame retardant DAL, studies the excellent properties and cross-linking mechanism of DAL-doped SAE-composite Si-P-C coatings, and explores a halogen-free, low-carbon, and clean eco-technology strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengYao Lai
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - YaChao Wang
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycling, Ministry of Education, Mianyang 621010, China
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textiles, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - JiangPing Zhao
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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2
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Araújo RF, Bezerra LCA, de Novais LMR, D'Oca CDRM, Avelino F. Unveiling the mechanistic aspects of methylene blue adsorption onto a novel phosphate-decorated coconut fiber lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127011. [PMID: 37742897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the adsorptive performance of the phosphorylated coconut fiber lignin (PCFL) obtained through an innovative biorefinery process for removing methylene blue (MB). PCFL was obtained using coconut fiber mixed with 85 % wt. H3PO4 at 70 °C for 1 h. Milled wood lignin (MWL) and PCFL were characterized by FTIR, CP-MAS 31P NMR, phosphorous and hydroxyl contents, pHPZC, and BET analyses. The batch adsorption tests evaluated the effects of the biosorbent (0.25 - 4 g L-1) and adsorbate dosages (2.5 - 7.5 mg L-1), contact time (0 - 60 min), pH (4 - 8), ionic strength (0.001 - 0.1 mol L-1) and temperature (298.15 - 318.15 K) on MB adsorption. Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic modeling were used. The phosphorous content on PCFL was 2.5 times higher than that of MWL. PCFL presented an enhanced adsorptive performance for removing MB, which was spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0), endothermic (ΔH0 > 0), with affinity between the biosorbent and adsorbate (ΔS0 > 0), and driven by physisorption (Ea > 40 kJ mol-1). The adsorptive performance of PCFL was enhanced due to the grafting of new active sites by using an innovative biorefinery process, showing its potential to be used for textile effluent remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayanne Ferreira Araújo
- Department of Research, Extension and Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, 63503-790 Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alves Bezerra
- Department of Research, Extension and Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, 63503-790 Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Avelino
- Department of Research, Extension and Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, 63503-790 Iguatu, CE, Brazil.
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3
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Shi K, Liu G, Sun H, Yang B, Weng Y. Grafting Polymerization of Long-Chain Hydrophobic Acrylic Monomer onto Lignin and Its Application in Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Wholly Green UV Barrier Composite Films. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26926-26937. [PMID: 37546664 PMCID: PMC10399159 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost and high-performance bio-based composites derived from forestry waste lignin and polylactic acid has emerged as a topic of central attention. However, the weak compatibility between lignin and polylactic acid often resulted in high brittleness of the composites. Graft copolymerization is not only the most effective way to modify lignin but also can significantly improve the compatibility of lignin and polylactic acid. In this study, bio-based monomer lauryl methacrylate was grafted onto lignin by feasible radical polymerization to prepare lignin graft copolymers with excellent thermal stability and hydrophobicity, which are expected to improve the compatibility with polylactic acid. Wholly bio-based composites were prepared by compounding this graft copolymer with polylactic acid. The results showed that the crystallization ability of the composite was improved, and the highest crystallinity was increased from 6.42% to 17.46%. With addition of LG-g-PLMA lower than 9%, the thermal stability of the composites was slightly improved. At 5% copolymer addition, the elongation at break and tensile toughness of the composites increased by 42% and 36%, respectively. Observation of the frozen fracture surface of the composite by SEM found that wire drawing and ductile deformation appeared when a small amount of LG-g-PLMA was added. The thus prepared composites also showed excellent UV barrier properties. This approach provides a new idea for the high-value application of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Shi
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guoshuai Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety
of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business
University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety
of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business
University, Beijing 100048, China
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Wang Y, Ma L, Yuan J, Zhu Z, Liu X, Li D, He L, Xiao F. Furfural-based P/N/S flame retardant towards high-performance epoxy resins with flame retardancy, toughness, low dielectric properties and UV resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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5
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Vahabi H, Movahedifar E, Kandola BK, Saeb MR. Flame Retardancy Index ( FRI) for Polymer Materials Ranking. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112422. [PMID: 37299221 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, we introduced Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) as a universal dimensionless index for the classification of flame-retardant polymer materials (Polymers, 2019, 11(3), 407). FRI simply takes the peak of Heat Release Rate (pHRR), Total Heat Release (THR), and Time-To-Ignition (ti) from cone calorimetry data and quantifies the flame retardancy performance of polymer composites with respect to the blank polymer (the reference sample) on a logarithmic scale, as of Poor (FRI ˂ 100), Good (100 ≤ FRI ˂ 101), or Excellent (FRI ≥ 101). Although initially applied to categorize thermoplastic composites, the versatility of FRI was later verified upon analyzing several sets of data collected from investigations/reports on thermoset composites. Over four years from the time FRI was introduced, we have adequate proof of FRI reliability for polymer materials ranking in terms of flame retardancy performance. Since the mission of FRI was to roughly classify flame-retardant polymer materials, its simplicity of usage and fast performance quantification were highly valued. Herein, we answered the question "does inclusion of additional cone calorimetry parameters, e.g., the time to pHRR (tp), affect the predictability of FRI?". In this regard, we defined new variants to evaluate classification capability and variation interval of FRI. We also defined the Flammability Index (FI) based on Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) data to invite specialists for analysis of the relationship between the FRI and FI, which may deepen our understanding of the flame retardancy mechanisms of the condensed and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Baljinder K Kandola
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Gairola S, Sinha S, Singh I. Thermal stability of extracted lignin from novel millet husk crop residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124725. [PMID: 37148941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent alarming tones regarding the environment and energy crises have resulted in an emergent need for the utilization of bio-based materials. The current study aims to experimentally investigate the thermal kinetics and pyrolysis behavior of lignin extracted from novel barnyard millet husk (L-BMH) and finger millet husk (L-FMH) crop residue. The characterization techniques FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX were employed. TGA was performed to assess the thermal, pyrolysis, and kinetic behavior using Friedman kinetic model. The average lignin yield was obtained as 16.25 % (L-FMH) and 21.31 % (L-BMH). The average activation energy (Ea) was recorded as 179.91-227.67 kJ mol-1 for L-FMH while 158.50-274.46 kJ mol-1 for L-BMH in the conversion range of 0.2-0.8. The higher heating value (HHV) was found to be 19.80 ± 0.09 MJ kg-1 (L-FMH) and 19.65 ± 0.03 MJ kg-1 (L-BMH). The results create a possibility for the valorization of extracted lignin in polymer composites as potential bio-based flame retardant in polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gairola
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Shishir Sinha
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India; Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
| | - Inderdeep Singh
- Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India; Mechancial and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
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de Sousa Nascimento L, Melo Nascimento RJ, da Mata AKA, Felipe VTA, Araújo RF, Bezerra LCA, Almeida JS, Mattos ALA, Uchoa DEA, de Novais LMR, D'Oca CDRM, Avelino F. Development of a phosphorous-based biorefinery process for producing lignocellulosic functional materials from coconut wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124300. [PMID: 37011748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a phosphorous-based biorefinery process for obtaining phosphorylated lignocellulosic fractions in a one-pot protocol from coconut fiber. Natural coconut fiber (NCF) was mixed with 85 % m/m H3PO4 at 70 °C for 1 h to yield the modified coconut fiber (MCF), aqueous phase (AP), and coconut fiber lignin (CFL). MCF was characterized by its TAPPI, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TGA, WCA, and P content. AP was characterized regarding its pH, conductivity, glucose, furfural, HMF, total sugars and ASL contents. CFL structure was evaluated by FTIR, 1H, 31P and 1H-13C HSQC NMR, TGA and P content and was compared to that of milled wood lignin (MWL). It was observed that MCF and CFL were phosphorylated during the pulping (0.54 and 0.23 % wt., respectively), while AP has shown high sugar levels, low inhibitor content, and some remaining phosphorous. The phosphorylation of MCF and CFL also showed an enhancement of their thermal and thermo-oxidative properties. The results show that a platform of functional materials such as biosorbents, biofuels, flame retardants, and biocomposites can be created through an eco-friendly, simple, fast, and novel biorefinery process.
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8
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Zhang Z, Ren C, Sun Y, Miao Y, Deng L, Wang Z, Cao Y, Zhang W, Huang J. Construction of CNC@SiO 2@PL Based Superhydrophobic Wood with Excellent Abrasion Resistance Based on Nanoindentation Analysis and Good UV Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040933. [PMID: 36850214 PMCID: PMC9965673 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Construction of superhydrophobic woods with high abrasion resistance is still a major challenge, and micro analysis for abrasion resistance is scarce. To improve these issues, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)@SiO2@phosphorylated lignin (PL) rods were prepared by SiO2 in situ generated on CNC, and then the modified lignin attached to the CNC@SiO2 rods surface. Subsequently, the superhydrophobic coating was constructed using hydrophobic modified CNC@SiO2@PL rods as the main structural substance by simple spraying or rolling them onto wood surfaces, and both polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and epoxy resin were used as the adhesives. The resulting coating had excellent superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle (WCA) of 157.4° and a slide angle (SA) of 6°. The introduced PL could enhance ultraviolet (UV) resistance of the coating due to the presence of these groups that absorbed UV light in lignin. In the abrasion resistance test, compared with the SiO2/PL coating, the abrasion resistance of the one with CNC was much higher, suggesting that CNC could improve the abrasion resistance of the coating due to its high crystallinity and excellent mechanical strength. The coating with PDMS performed better than the one with epoxy resin because the soft surface could offset part of the external impact by deformation in the abrasion process. This was also consistent with the results of the nanoindentation (NI) tests. In view of the simple preparation and good performance, this superhydrophobic wood will have broad application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhupeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changying Ren
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yu Miao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yizhong Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jingda Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (J.H.)
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9
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Supper-Low-Addition Flame Retardant for the Fully Bio-based Poly(lactic acid) Composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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10
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Su Q, Wang H, Wang Y, Liang S, Pang S, Zhao X, Sun X, Shi X, Zhao J. Flame-Retardant Foamed Material Based on Modified Corn Straw Using Two Nitrogenous Layers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:952. [PMID: 36769957 PMCID: PMC9918293 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Foamed materials based on a biopolymer of crop straws are environmentally friendly, but ignitability limits their application. In this study, two nitrogenous layers were introduced onto corn straw by esterification and grafting for flame-retardant purposes. The inner thin nitrogenous layer consisted of imidazole rings, and the outer thick nitrogenous layer consisted of grafted acrylamide by a free-radical polymerization. The outer nitrogenous layer was simultaneously introduced into the system with a foaming process at 150 °C. Azodiisobutyronitrile acted both as initiator of the polymerization and the main foaming agent, and deionized water acted both as a plasticizing agent and an auxiliary foaming agent, which simplified the process and formula. It was found that cavities of two different sizes were formed. The nonuniformity of the foamed material was ascribed to the heterogeneous foaming precursor consisting of a rigid core and a soft shell. Its excellent flame-retard rating of UL-94 V-0 was ascribed to the two nitrogenous layers, which provides a sufficient nitrogen source for non-combustible gases. A relatively high compression strength of 17.7 MPa was partly due to the fiber of corn straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Hongling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shaofeng Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiangfei Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiyang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaoqin Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass-Functional Composite Materials of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Utility of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in Universities of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
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11
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Transparent, flame retardant, mechanically strengthened and low dielectric EP composites enabled by a reactive bio-based P/N flame retardant. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Zhang B, Yang S, Liu X, Zou Y, Kan Y, Deng D, Zong Z, Tang G. Rigid polyurethane foam composites based on bivalent metal phytate: thermal stability, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2039192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Sujie Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Zong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
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13
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Lee J, Jang D, Yang I, Jo SM, Lee S. Effect of phosphorylated lignin on flame retardancy of polypropylene‐based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Hun Lee
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Jang
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Yang
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Mu Jo
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Lee
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
- Department of Quantum System Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
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14
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15
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Xiao F, Fontaine G, Bourbigot S. A highly efficient intumescent polybutylene succinate: flame retardancy and mechanistic aspects. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Wu Q, Ran F, Dai L, Li C, Li R, Si C. A functional lignin-based nanofiller for flame-retardant blend. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:390-395. [PMID: 34499953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignin-based flame retardants represent great promising next-generation flame retardants due to their sustainability, unique aromatic structure, and high charring capability. However, their applications are still limited by the compatibility, processability, and efficiency of flame retardancy. Here, a green functional lignin-based nanofiller (lignin-diethylenetriamine/red phosphorus nanoparticles, Lignin-N-P NPs) was prepared by the chemical modification and co-precipitation. After blending with the commercial acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers (ABS), the physical, chemical, and flame retardant properties of the blends reveal that Lignin-N-P NPs/ABS blend has acceptable processability, mechanical properties, and significantly improved thermal stability and fire performance. Its values of peak heat release rate and total heat released per unit area were significantly dropped 67.8% and 77.5%, respectively. This study will initiate a new design for not only flame retardants but also lignin-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fangli Ran
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Ruifang Li
- Shenzhen Wellsoon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qiushi Tower, Futian District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong 518040, China
| | - Chuanling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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17
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Combination of Corn Pith Fiber and Biobased Flame Retardant: A Novel Method toward Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Polylactide. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101562. [PMID: 34068074 PMCID: PMC8152498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some crop by-products are considered to be promising materials for the development of novel biobased products for industrial applications. The flammability of these alternatives to conventional materials is a constraint to expanded applications. Polylactide (PLA) composites containing a combination of oxidized corn pith fiber (OCC) and a biobased flame retardant (PA-THAM) have been prepared via an in situ modification method. SEM/EDS, FTIR and TGA were performed to establish that PA-THAM was coated onto the surface of OCC. The mechanical properties, thermal stability and fire behavior of PLA-based biocomposites were investigated. The incorporation of 5 phr PA-THAM imparted biocomposite good interfacial adhesion and increased decomposition temperature at 10% mass loss by 50 °C. The flame retardant properties were also improved, as reflected by an increased LOI value, a UL-94 V-2 rating, reduction of PHRR, and increased formation of char residue. Therefore, the introduction of 5 phr PA-THAM can maintain a good balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of this PLA/OCC system.
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Abstract
A critical review on the synthesis, characterization, and modeling of polymer grafting is presented. Although the motivation stemmed from grafting synthetic polymers onto lignocellulosic biopolymers, a comprehensive overview is also provided on the chemical grafting, characterization, and processing of grafted materials of different types, including synthetic backbones. Although polymer grafting has been studied for many decades—and so has the modeling of polymer branching and crosslinking for that matter, thereby reaching a good level of understanding in order to describe existing branching/crosslinking systems—polymer grafting has remained behind in modeling efforts. Areas of opportunity for further study are suggested within this review.
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19
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Vahabi H, Brosse N, Latif NA, Fatriasari W, Solihat N, Hashim R, Hazwan Hussin M, Laoutid F, Saeb M. Nanolignin in materials science and technology— does flame retardancy matter? BIOPOLYMERIC NANOMATERIALS 2021:515-559. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824364-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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20
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Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li T, Du M, Chen M, Dong W. Preferred zinc-modified melamine phytate for the flame retardant polylactide with limited smoke release. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The higher flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects for PLA/MPAZn20 were mainly ascribed to the condensed phase during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Weifu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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21
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Podkościelna B, Wnuczek K, Goliszek M, Klepka T, Dziuba K. Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates. Molecules 2020; 25:E5947. [PMID: 33334041 PMCID: PMC7765523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites' properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Krystyna Wnuczek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Goliszek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kamil Dziuba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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22
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Li K, Wu W, Chai S, Tang L, Li J, Li Y, Liu Q, Chen L. Synthesis of functionalized copolymers and their compatibilization effects on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunquan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan China
| | - Wenjian Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan China
| | - Shengyong Chai
- Institute of Polymer Fine Chemical, National‐certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Lei Tang
- Institute of Polymer Fine Chemical, National‐certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Jide Li
- Institute of Polymer Fine Chemical, National‐certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Polymer Fine Chemical, National‐certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Qin Liu
- Institute of Polymer Fine Chemical, National‐certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Fine Chemical, National‐certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
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23
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Sienkiewicz A, Czub P. Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites-Research Development. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5253. [PMID: 33233820 PMCID: PMC7699906 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sienkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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24
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Guo Y, Cheng C, Huo T, Ren Y, Liu X. Highly effective flame retardant lignin/polyacrylonitrile composite prepared via solution blending and phosphorylation. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Gao C, Zhou L, Yao S, Qin C, Fatehi P. Phosphorylated kraft lignin with improved thermal stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1642-1652. [PMID: 32795583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The low cost, environmental friendliness, and reproducibility of kraft lignin (KL) make it a potential candidate for the development of new green material. The phosphorylation of KL can extend its application as a flame-retardant material. Herein, the phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL) was systematically fabricated in a sustainable process by utilizing a green phosphating reagent, NH4H2PO4, in the presence of urea. The influence of the reaction parameters, i.e., reaction time and temperature, and NH4H2PO4/lignin ratio on the phosphorylation process were investigated. Advanced characterization techniques including 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and XPS confirmed that the phosphorus groups were successfully introduced to lignin molecules. The active phenolic and aliphatic hydroxy groups of kraft lignin underwent a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the phosphate group to generate phosphorylated lignin. Compared with KL, PKL showed excellent thermal stability, and its maximum decomposition temperature was 620 °C compared with 541 °C for KL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Gao
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China; Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Long Zhou
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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27
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Kolibaba TJ, Stevens DL, Pangburn ST, Condassamy O, Camus M, Grau E, Grunlan JC. UV-protection from chitosan derivatized lignin multilayer thin film. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32959-32965. [PMID: 35516484 PMCID: PMC9056636 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most abundant renewable materials on the earth. Despite possessing useful antioxidant and UV absorbing properties, its effective utilization in technology has been hampered by its relative insolubility and difficulty to process. In this work, a simple chemical derivatization process is utilized which yields water-soluble lignin possessing anionic carboxylate groups. These carboxylate groups give lignin polyanionic behavior and enable its utilization in the growth of a functional film via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly with biologically sourced chitosan. The growth mechanism of this film is hypothesized to be a result of both hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. The film demonstrates excellent UV-absorptive capability. A 100 nm thick chitosan/lignin coating was applied to a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) film and shown to reduce its degradation sixfold over the course of a 1 hour exposure to harsh UV light. This is the first demonstration of lignin being utilized in a fully biologically derived LbL film. Utilization of lignin in LbL assembly is an important step in the development of renewable nanotechnology. An environmentally benign derivatization process enables the use of lignin in an entirely biosourced functional thin film.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kolibaba
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA +1-979-845-3027
| | - Daniel L Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA +1-979-845-3027
| | - Stephen T Pangburn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3123 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Olivia Condassamy
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5629, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Cedex Pessac France +33-555-684-6189
| | - Martin Camus
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5629, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Cedex Pessac France +33-555-684-6189
| | - Etienne Grau
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5629, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Cedex Pessac France +33-555-684-6189
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA +1-979-845-3027.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3123 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
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28
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Hajj R, El Hage R, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of lignocellulosic substrate and phosphorus flame retardant type on grafting yield and flame retardancy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Kundu CK, Li Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Hu Y. Graphene oxide functionalized biomolecules for improved flame retardancy of Polyamide 66 fabrics with intact physical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:362-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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Triply Biobased Thermoplastic Composites of Polylactide/Succinylated Lignin/Epoxidized Soybean Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030632. [PMID: 32164360 PMCID: PMC7182957 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean oil is beneficial to improve the compatibility between polylactide (PLA) and succinylated lignin (SAL), which leads to the preparation of a host of biobased composites containing PLA, SAL, and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). The introduction of SAL and ESO enables the relatively homogeneous morphology and slightly better miscibility obtained from triply PLA/SAL/ESO composites after dynamic vulcanization compared with unmodified PLA. The rigidity of the composites is found to decline gradually due to the addition of flexible molecular chains. According to the reaction between SAL and ESO, the Tg of PLA/SAL/ESO composites is susceptible to the movement of flexible molecular chains. The rheological behaviors of PLA/SAL/ESO under different conditions, i.e., temperature and frequency, exhibit a competition between viscidity and elasticity. The thermal stability of the composites displays a slight decrease due to the degradation of SAL and then the deterioration of ESO. The elongation at break and notched impact strength of the composites with augmentation of ESO increase by 12% and 0.5 kJ/m2, respectively. The triply biobased PLA/SAL/ESO composite is thus deemed as a bio-renewable and environmentally friendly product that may find vast applications.
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32
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Mincheva R, Guemiza H, Hidan C, Moins S, Coulembier O, Dubois P, Laoutid F. Development of Inherently Flame-Retardant Phosphorylated PLA by Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Reactive Extrusion. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010013. [PMID: 31861398 PMCID: PMC6981615 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a highly efficient flame-retardant bioplastic poly(lactide) was developed by covalently incorporating flame-retardant DOPO, that is, 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. To that end, a three-step strategy that combines the catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L,L-lactide (L,L-LA) in bulk from a pre-synthesized DOPO-diamine initiator, followed by bulk chain-coupling reaction by reactive extrusion of the so-obtained phosphorylated polylactide (PLA) oligomers (DOPO-PLA) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), is described. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated PLA (DOPO-PLA-PU) was investigated by mass loss cone calorimetry and UL-94 tests. As compared with a commercially available PLA matrix, phosphorylated PLA shows superior flame-retardant properties, that is, (i) significant reduction of both the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 35% and 36%, respectively, and (ii) V0 classification at UL-94 test. Comparisons between simple physical DOPO-diamine/PLA blends and a DOPO-PLA-PU material were also performed. The results evidenced the superior flame-retardant behavior of phosphorylated PLA obtained by a reactive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Hazar Guemiza
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Chaimaa Hidan
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-(0)65-55-49-78
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33
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Zhou X, Bai L, Liu X, Ren Y, Song Z, Yang X. Preparation of halogen-free flame retardant polyacrylonitrile via hydrolyzing and grafting with diphenylphosphinyl chloride. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1654392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Lifeng Bai
- Analytical and Testing center, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanlin Ren
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Ziping Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 300387, Tianjin, China
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Lignin Nanoparticles as A Promising Way for Enhancing Lignin Flame Retardant Effect in Polylactide. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132132. [PMID: 31269752 PMCID: PMC6651329 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of using lignin at nanoscale as new flame-retardant additive for polylactide (PLA). Lignin nanoparticles (LNP) were prepared from Kraft lignin microparticles (LMP) through a dissolution-precipitation process. Both micro and nano lignins were functionalized using diethyl chlorophosphate (LMP-diEtP and LNP-diEtP, respectively) and diethyl (2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl) phosphonate (LMP-SiP and LNP-SiP, respectively) to enhance their flame-retardant effect in PLA. From the use of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, it can be considered that a large amount of phosphorus has been grafted onto the nanoparticles. It has been previously shown that blending lignin with PLA induces degradation of the polymer matrix. However, phosphorylated lignin nanoparticles seem to limit PLA degradation during melt processing and the nanocomposites were shown to be relatively thermally stable. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that the incorporation of untreated lignin, whatever its particle size, induced an increase in pHRR. Using phosphorylated lignin nanoparticles, especially those treated with diethyl (2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl) phosphonate allows this negative effect to be overcome. Moreover, the pHRR is significantly reduced, even when only 5 wt% LNP-SiP is used.
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36
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Hobbs CE. Recent Advances in Bio-Based Flame Retardant Additives for Synthetic Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30960208 PMCID: PMC6419264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in the absence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) have revolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levels of flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives for these materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared are problematic due to their negative impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, their preparations are neither green nor sustainable since they require typical organic synthetic processes that rely on fossil fuels. Because of this, the need to develop more sustainable and non-toxic options is vital. Many research groups have turned their attention to preparing new bio-based FR additives for synthetic polymers. This review explores some of the recent examples made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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37
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Lin KT, Ma R, Wang P, Xin J, Zhang J, Wolcott MP, Zhang X. Deep Eutectic Solvent Assisted Facile Synthesis of Lignin-Based Cryogel. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ting Lin
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering Bioproducts, Science & Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ruoshui Ma
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering Bioproducts, Science & Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Peipei Wang
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering Bioproducts, Science & Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Junna Xin
- Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Michael P. Wolcott
- Composite Materials & Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering Bioproducts, Science & Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Zhao G, Ni H, Jia L, Ren S, Fang G. Quantitative Analysis of Relationship between Hansen Solubility Parameters and Properties of Alkali Lignin/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9722-9728. [PMID: 31459101 PMCID: PMC6645273 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blends of alkali lignin and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin are physically mixed and injected into the injection molding system. Although the components of the blend are bound together by intermolecular forces, noticeable phase separation still occurs. In the present study, inverse gas chromatography technology was used to characterize the Hansen solubility parameters of alkali lignin/ABS blends. The relationship between the Hansen solubility parameters and thermodynamic properties was then determined. Hansen solubility parameters, at room temperature, of alkali lignin/ABS blends containing 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt % alkali lignin were 17.40, 19.20, 18.98, and 17.37 (J/cm3)0.5, respectively. Hansen solubility parameters of the blends were shown, both experimentally and theoretically, to be related to their mechanical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Haiyue Ni
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Lina Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Shixue Ren
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Guizhen Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology Ministry
of Education and College of Science, Northeast Forestry
University, 26 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, 150040 Harbin, China
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Mo H, Xu L, Zhou T. Novel synergistic flame-retardant system of Mg-Al-Co-LDHs/DPCPB for ABS resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Mo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083 People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083 People's Republic of China
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40
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Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Li L, Yan R, Zhang J, Duan JC, Liu BJ, Sun ZY, Zhang MY, Hu W, Zhang NN. Synthesis of a lignin-based phosphorus-containing flame retardant and its application in polyurethane. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32252-32261. [PMID: 35547477 PMCID: PMC9086252 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05598j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, new lignin-based flame retardant LHDs were successfully synthesized through the reaction between lignin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The chemical structure of LHD was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR. The thermal stability of LHD was studied by TGA. The results showed that the residual carbon content of L15HD (15% of lignin in LHD) at 600 °C reached 16.55%, indicating that this prepared flame retardant can be a type of good char forming agent. LHDs were then applied to prepare flame-retardant lignin-based polyurethane (FLPU). Lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) was synthesized by the reaction between lignin, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the FLPU reached 30.2% when the addition content of L15HD (15% lignin in LHD) in L20PU (20% lignin in LPU) was 25%, exhibiting excellent flame-retardant properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the FLPU char residual showed that there was a continuous dense outer carbon layer on the residue surface, and the inner carbon layer had many expansion bubbles, indicating the LHDs have an excellent flame retardant effect for PU. In addition, FLPU presented better hardness and adhesion than PU. The hardness of FL15-25L20PU (lignin content in LPU was 20%, and added content of L15HD in LPU was 25%) reached 4H, and its adhesion was 0. These excellent properties illustrated that the LHDs are ideal flame retardants and reinforcing agents for LPU because of the co-curing and strong interface between LHD and LPU. In this work, new lignin-based flame retardant LHDs were successfully synthesized through the reaction between lignin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).![]()
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41
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Costes L, Laoutid F, Brohez S, Delvosalle C, Dubois P. Phytic acid–lignin combination: A simple and efficient route for enhancing thermal and flame retardant properties of polylactide. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Prieur B, Meub M, Wittemann M, Klein R, Bellayer S, Fontaine G, Bourbigot S. Phosphorylation of lignin: characterization and investigation of the thermal decomposition. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00295e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant polyphenol biopolymeric material chemically functionalisable to act as flame retardant in polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Prieur
- R2Fire group/UMET – UMR CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
- France
| | - M. Meub
- Group for Design of Interfaces
- Division Plastics
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF
- Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - M. Wittemann
- Group for Design of Interfaces
- Division Plastics
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF
- Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - R. Klein
- Group for Design of Interfaces
- Division Plastics
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF
- Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - S. Bellayer
- R2Fire group/UMET – UMR CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
- France
| | - G. Fontaine
- R2Fire group/UMET – UMR CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
- France
| | - S. Bourbigot
- R2Fire group/UMET – UMR CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex
- France
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Verdolotti L, Oliviero M, Lavorgna M, Iannace S, Camino G, Vollaro P, Frache A. On revealing the effect of alkaline lignin and ammonium polyphosphate additives on fire retardant properties of sustainable zein-based composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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