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Dun L, Ouyang Z, Sun Q, Yue X, Wu G, Li B, Kang W, Wang Y. A Simple and Efficient Magnesium Hydroxide Modification Strategy for Flame-Retardancy Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1471. [PMID: 38891418 PMCID: PMC11174588 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium hydroxide, as a green inorganic flame-retardancy additive, has been widely used in polymer flame retardancy. However, magnesium hydroxide is difficult to disperse with epoxy resin (EP), and its flame-retardancy performance is poor, so it is difficult to use in flame-retardant epoxy resin. In this study, an efficient magnesium hydroxide-based flame retardant (MH@PPAC) was prepared by surface modification of 2-(diphenyl phosphine) benzoic acid (PPAC) using a simple method. The effect of MH@PPAC on the flame-retardancy properties for epoxy resins was investigated, and the flame-retardancy mechanism was studied. The results show that 5 wt% MH@PPAC can increase the limiting oxygen index for EP from 24.1% to 38.9%, achieving a V-0 rating. At the same time, compared to EP, the peak heat release rate, peak smoke production rate, total smoke production rate, and peak CO generation rate for EP/5 wt% MH@PPAC composite material decreased by 53%, 45%, 51.85%, and 53.13% respectively. The cooperative effect for PPAC and MH promotes the formation of a continuous and dense char layer during the combustion process for the EP-blend material, significantly reducing the exchange for heat and combustible gases, and effectively hindering the combustion process. Additionally, the surface modification of PPAC enhances the dispersion of MH in the EP matrix, endowing EP with superior mechanical properties that meet practical application requirements, thereby expanding the application scope for flame-retardant EP-blend materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Dun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (L.D.); (Q.S.)
- Hofmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.O.); (X.Y.); (G.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Zeen Ouyang
- Hofmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.O.); (X.Y.); (G.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Qihao Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (L.D.); (Q.S.)
| | - Xiaoju Yue
- Hofmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.O.); (X.Y.); (G.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Guodong Wu
- Hofmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.O.); (X.Y.); (G.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Bohan Li
- Hofmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.O.); (X.Y.); (G.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Weidong Kang
- Jinxi Industries Group Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030000, China;
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China; (L.D.); (Q.S.)
- Hofmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.O.); (X.Y.); (G.W.); (B.L.)
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2
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Rani Kumar N, Agrawal AR. Advances in the Chemistry of 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200203. [PMID: 36599693 PMCID: PMC9812756 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic systems are now considered to be an integral part of material chemistry. Thiophene, selenophene, furan, pyrrole, carbazole, triazine and others are some such examples worth mentioning. 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine is a C3h -symmetric system with thiophene as the donor unit and s-triazine as the acceptor unit. This review gives an insight into the advances made in the thienyl-triazine chemistry over the past two to three decades. The synthetic pathways for arriving at this system and all its important derivatives are provided. The major focus is on the materials synthesized using the thienyl-triazine system, including star molecules, linear and hyperbranched polymers, porous materials and their diverse applications. This review will play a catalytic role for new dimensions to be explored in thienyl-triazine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rani Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Dhemaji CollegeDhemaji787057, AssamIndia
| | - Abhijeet R. Agrawal
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem91904Israel
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3
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Wang X, Wang J, Zhao W, Liu J, Long S, Wang D. Effects of flame retardants containing
POC
and
PC
structures on the flame retardant properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Dun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
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4
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Guo F, Zhang Y, Li L. Zinc hydroxystannate dripped on magnesium hydroxide flower for enhancing smoke suppression and toxicity reduction properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
- Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources Xining Qinghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yuze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
- Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources Xining Qinghai China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining Qinghai China
- Qinghai Engineering and Technology Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources Xining Qinghai China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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5
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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6
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Li C, Wang B, Zhou L, Hou X, Su S. Effects of lignin-based flame retardants on flame-retardancy and insulation performances of epoxy resin composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Abdur Rashid M, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of reversible dynamic bonds containing intrinsically flame retardant biomass thermosets. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Rashid MA, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review on intrinsically recyclable flame retardant thermosets enabled through covalent bonds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdur Rashid
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
- Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology Gazipur‐1707 Bangladesh
| | - Wanshuang Liu
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road Shanghai, 201620 China
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9
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Zhi M, Yang X, Fan R, Yue S, Zheng L, Liu Q, He Y. A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems containing non-reactive DOPO based phosphorus additives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Liu S, Wei H, Xiong Y, Ding Y, Xu L. Synthesis of a highly efficient flame retardant containing triazine and pentaerythritol phosphate groups and its intumescent flame retardancy on epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221098160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPT) has been successfully synthesized via the substitution reaction of cyanuric chloride, pentaerythritol phosphate and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. The chemical structure of DOPT was confirmed by 1H, 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Then, flame retardants were added to epoxy resin to prepare epoxy resin composites by pouring method. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of epoxy resin composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning, limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter test. Thermogravimetric analysis test showed that the carbon residue rate of DOPT at 800°C reached 52.53%, which indicated that the introduction of high-efficiency char-forming agent triazine and pentaerythritol phosphate groups could significantly improve its char-forming performance and thermal stability. The epoxy resin composite achieved vertical burning V-0 grade and the limiting oxygen index value reached 35.5% when 7 wt% DOPT was incorporated. Furthermore, the cone calorimeter test results manifested that the addition of DOPT stimulated degradation of the epoxy resin matrix during the combustion process and accelerated the formation of an expanded and dense carbon layer. Additionally, the incombustible gas produced during the decomposition of DOPT had played a flame-retardant effect in the gas phase. Hence, compared with neat epoxy resin, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP-7 wt% DOPT composite decreased by 14.0% and 25.3%, respectively. Moreover, owing to the excellent compatibility and the strong interface effect between DOPT and epoxy resin, the addition of DOPT also enhanced the mechanical and fire resistance properties of the epoxy resin composite. Therefore, it is proposed that DOPT could be exploited as an economical and high-efficiency flame retardant, and it has considerable prospects in flame retardant epoxy resin composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yigang Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Xu
- School of Technology Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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12
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Mochane MJ, Mokhothu TH, Mokhena TC. Synthesis, mechanical, and flammability properties of metal hydroxide reinforced polymer composites: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mokgaotsa J. Mochane
- Department of Life Sciences Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein South Africa
| | | | - Teboho Clement Mokhena
- Advanced Materials Division Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC) Randburg South Africa
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13
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Zhang D, Lu L, Chen L, Wang Y. Synthesis of novel calixarene‐based intumescent flame retardant and application of flame retardant epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingran Zhang
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Lingang Lu
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- China People's Police University Langfang City Hebei Province People's Republic of China
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14
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Abstract
We successfully prepared a highly effective flame-retardant additive called hsalbenzoguanamine phosphaphenanthrene (HDPD) through salicylaldehyde and nitrogen-rich benzoguanamine. The introduction of HDPD into epoxy resin (EP) sharply enhanced the flame retardancy of EP/HDPD thermosets. The introduction of 6 wt% HDPD into EP succeeded in reaching the V-0 rating. Limited oxygen index results revealed the high flame-retarding performance of HDPD. Cone calorimeter test data revealed that heat and smoke released from EP/6 wt% HDPD thermoset were significantly restrained. In addition, EP/6 wt% HDPD thermoset demonstrated excellent transmittance and mechanical strength. The transmittance of EP/6 wt% HDPD was assessed from 520 to 800 nm. The results showed that transmittance of EP/6 wt% HDPD were nearly 90% of the control group.
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15
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Luo Z, Chen Z, Wei J, Wang D, Chen H, Chen R. A transparent and intumescent phosphaphenanthrene/phenylpyrazole-containing epoxy resin system and its flame retardancy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008321992412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel intumescent flame retardant, PPMD, was designed from phosphaphenanthrene and nitrogen heterocycles through the two-step gut reactions of 1,4-phthalaldehyde and 3-methyl-1-phe-nylpyrazol-5-ylamine. After determination of its structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared analyses, PPMD was added to an epoxy resin (EP) to facilitate a curing process. Thus, EP/PPMD samples with excellent transparency and flame retardancy were acquired. For example, the EP sample satisfied the UL-94 V-0 standard and achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 30.5% because of the incorporation of 5 wt% PPMD. The cone calorimeter test of the EP/5% PPMD sample revealed that its total smoke production (TSP) and total heat release (THR) values of EP/5% PPMD was only 22.5% and 56.4% of the control group, respectively. Moreover, the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) value of EP/5% PPMD was reduced by 34.1%, indicating that PPMD possessed high flame-inhibition activity and smoke suppression efficiency. The flame-retardant mechanisms of PPMD were also investigated in gas phase by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and in condensed phase by XPS and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Chizhou University, Chizhou, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Han Chen
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
- West Anhui University, Luan, China
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16
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Sun J, Qian L, Li J. Toughening and strengthening epoxy resin with flame retardant molecular structure based on tyrosine. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Kill Exponentially Growing and Persister Escherichia coli Cells by Causing Physical Damage. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061584. [PMID: 34208716 PMCID: PMC8234494 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles are widely used in medicinal and hygiene products because of their low toxicity, environment-friendliness, and low cost. Here, we studied the effects of three different sizes of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles on antibacterial activity: NM80, NM300, and NM700. NM80 (D50 = 75.2 nm) showed a higher bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli than larger nanoparticles (D50 = 328 nm (NM300) or 726 nm (NM700)). Moreover, NM80 showed a high bactericidal effect against not only exponential cells but also persister cells, which are difficult to eliminate owing to their high tolerance to antibiotics. NM80 eliminated strains in which magnesium-transport genes were knocked out and exhibited a bactericidal effect similar to that observed in the wild-type strain. The bactericidal action involved physical cell damage, as confirmed using scanning electron microscopy, which showed that E. coli cells treated with NM80 were directly injured.
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18
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Bi Q, Yao D, Yin GZ, You J, Liu XQ, Wang N, Wang DY. Surface engineering of magnesium hydroxide via bioinspired iron-loaded polydopamine as green and efficient strategy to epoxy composites with improved flame retardancy and reduced smoke release. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Dehghani B, Salami Hosseini M, Salami-Kalajahi M. Neutral pH monosaccharide receptor based on boronic acid decorated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate): Spectral Methods for determination of glucose-binding and ionization constants. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Modified magnesium hydroxide encapsulated by melamine cyanurate in flame-retardant polyamide-6. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Makha M, Ghailane A, Larhlimi H, Busch H, Alami J. Phosphorus Containing Coatings: Technologies and Applications. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Makha
- Materials ScienceEnergy and Nano-engineering DepartmentMohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid 43150 Bengurir Morocco
| | - Anas Ghailane
- Materials ScienceEnergy and Nano-engineering DepartmentMohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid 43150 Bengurir Morocco
| | - Hicham Larhlimi
- Materials ScienceEnergy and Nano-engineering DepartmentMohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid 43150 Bengurir Morocco
| | - Heinz Busch
- Materials ScienceEnergy and Nano-engineering DepartmentMohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid 43150 Bengurir Morocco
- NTTF coating GmbH Maarweg 30 53619 Rheinbreitbach Germany
| | - Jones Alami
- Materials ScienceEnergy and Nano-engineering DepartmentMohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid 43150 Bengurir Morocco
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22
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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23
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Liu L, Zhang W, Yang R. Flame retardant epoxy composites with epoxy‐containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leichun Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Material, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Material, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Material, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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24
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Chen S, Ai L, Zhang T, Liu P, Liu W, Pan Y, Liu D. Synthesis and application of a triazine derivative containing boron as flame retardant in epoxy resins. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Ai L, Yang L, Hu J, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Organic Phosphorus–Nitrogen and Inorganic Boron Flame Retardant on Polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Junfeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jinming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Research Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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26
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Chen S, Ai L, Zeng J, Liu P. Synergistic Flame‐Retardant Effect of an Aryl Boronic Acid Compound and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Epoxy Resins. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lianghui Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesRe- search Institute of Materials ScienceSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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Chen R, Dai S, Guo T, Tang H, Fan Y, Zhou H. Transparent low‐flammability epoxy resins with improved mechanical properties using tryptamine‐based DOPO derivative. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Shensong Dai
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Tong Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hao Tang
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Yuqi Fan
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
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28
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A novel flame retardant derived from DOPO and piperazine and its application in epoxy resin: Flame retardance, thermal stability and pyrolysis behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Guo S, Pu S, Zhao J, Wang K, Fu Q. Exploitation of a promising flame‐retardant engineering plastics by molten composited polyketone and diethyl zinc phosphinate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuiqin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
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30
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Ai L, Chen S, Zeng J, Yang L, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Boron and Magnesium Hydroxide. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3314-3321. [PMID: 31459546 PMCID: PMC6648587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to develop an organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardant and to reduce the dosage and cost of flame retardants, organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardants, hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B), and magnesium hydroxide (MH) were chosen. The flame retardant properties of CP-6B/MH in epoxy resin (EP) were discussed. EP/CP-6B/MH had better flame retardancy and heat resistance compared with EP/CP-6B and EP/MH. A limiting oxygen index of EP/3.0%CP-6B/0.5%MH of 31.9% was achieved, and vertical burning V-0 rating was achieved. Compared with EP, the cone calorimeter dates of EP/CP-6B/MH decreased. CP-6B/MH inhibited combustion and did little to damage mechanical properties. Besides, the flame retardant mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CP-6B/MH exerted good synergistic effects.
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31
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Hou Y, Hu Y, Qiu S, Liu L, Xing W, Hu W. Bi 2Se 3 decorated recyclable liquid-exfoliated MoS 2 nanosheets: Towards suppress smoke emission and improve mechanical properties of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:720-732. [PMID: 30412845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic compounds have been proved superior suppression effect on smoke emission during combustion of polymers. In this work, MoS2/Bi2Se3 (MB) hybrids were prepared by a facile wet chemical method and showed superior performance on smoke suppression of EP matrix during combustion. N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) was employed to exfoliate molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets in a recyclable method, which showed high efficiency and was recyclable. Exfoliated MoS2 exhibited large surface area and used as carriers to synthesize MB hybrids. Considering the catalytic effect of bismuth and molybdenum, the hybrids had a great influence on the smoke emission behaviors of EP composites. The smoke production was obviously suppressed during the flaming combustion (more than 22% and 23% decrease obtained from cone calorimeter and steady state tube furnace, respectively) or smolder processes (more than 23% decrease obtained from smoke chamber) at only 1 wt% content of MB hybrids. What's more, due to superior dispersion state, the addition of MB hybrids also enhanced the mechanical properties of EP matrix, including wear resistance and tensile property. This work provided a safe and green exfoliation method of MoS2 to prepare polymers/MoS2 composites and also constructed a novel binary hybrids for enhancing combination performances of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Hou
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuilai Qiu
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Longxiang Liu
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State key laboratory of fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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32
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Shen H, Liu Y. One-step synthesis of hydrophobic magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles and their application in flame-retardant polypropylene composites. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Wang C, Wang Y, Han Z. Enhanced flame retardancy of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide with polycarbosilane. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14494. [PMID: 30262805 PMCID: PMC6160472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycarbosilane (PCS) was used for surface modification of magnesium hydroxide (MNH) to enhance the flame retardant effectiveness by forming cohesive binding between MgO particles with ceramic adhesive. Chemical interaction and ceramic reaction were revealed between PCS and MNH, which made for a compact, thermal stable and ceramic-like barrier during the combustion of polyethylene (PE). The flame retardancy of PE/MNH/PCS composites was greatly enhanced and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 35.0 was achieved at the PCS/MNH ratio of 4/26 in the composite with 30 wt.% PCS modified MNH. Such results were superior in terms of high LOI value at low global content of MNH. Thanks to the better shielding effect of the integrated and self-supporting ceramic char, the peak heat release rate (p-HRR) and the total heat release (THR) of PE/MNH/PCS composites with 50 wt.% PCS modified MNH were remarkably decreased by 36% and 25% in comparison with PE/MNH with 50 wt.% MNH, respectively. The ceramic reaction between PCS and MNH, the superior thermal stability due to crosslinked PCS and the good barrier function of cohesive ceramic layer play important roles in the effective flame retardant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Zhidong Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 150040, Harbin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 150080, Harbin, China.
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34
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Ai L, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P, Liu W, Pan Y, Liu D. Synthesis and flame retardant properties of cyclophosphazene derivatives containing boron. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Borazan AA, Gokdai D. Pine Cone and Boron Compounds Effect as Reinforcement on Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Polyester Composites. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNatural fibers are known to be environmentally friendly, and they can be used as an alternative to glass and carbon fibers because of their low cost. Pine cone fibers are a good choice for use in composite manufacturing because they mainly consist of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin macromolecules which provide a hydrophilic character.The potential pine cone forest reserve of Turkey is 54,000 ha. Boron compounds such as borax, boric acid. and zinc borate are generally used for their flame-retardant effect. In this study, three kinds of boron compounds, boron oxide, borax pentahydrate and borax decahydrate, were used to provide better mechanical properties and better incombustibility. The synergistic effects of both waste pine cone and boron compounds were sampled for the manufacture of polyester composites by using a casting process. The composites produced with different fiber contents were characterized by some mechanical properties (bending strength, flexural modulus, izod impact); physical analyses (water absorption, swelling thickness, open porosity, bulk density); flame retardancy (LOI); and TGA, SEM-EDS, and FT-IR analyses. According to mechanical test results, boron oxide showed better bending strength and flexural modulus compared to the other boron compounds. The LOI of composites with a boron compound was higher than the composites with only pine cone reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Akpinar Borazan
- Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gokdai
- Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Bilecik, Turkey
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36
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Zhu P, Gu Z, Hong S, Lian H. Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated LDHs with melamine-formaldehyde resin and its flame retardant application in epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhongji Gu
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shu Hong
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Hailan Lian
- College of Materials Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
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37
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Pilarska AA, Klapiszewski Ł, Jesionowski T. Recent development in the synthesis, modification and application of Mg(OH)2 and MgO: A review. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Synthesis of a novel flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen and boron and its application in flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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