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Amodeo D, Manzi P, De Palma I, Puccio A, Nante N, Barcaccia M, Marini D, Pietrella D. Efficacy of Violet-Blue (405 nm) LED Lamps for Disinfection of High-Environmental-Contact Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities: Leading to the Inactivation of Microorganisms and Reduction of MRSA Contamination. Pathogens 2023; 12:1338. [PMID: 38003802 PMCID: PMC10674356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective disinfection procedures in healthcare facilities are essential to prevent transmission. Chemical disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) systems and ultraviolet (UV) light are commonly used methods. An emerging method, violet-blue light at 405 nm, has shown promise for surface disinfection. Its antimicrobial properties are based on producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to the inactivation of pathogens. Studies have shown significant efficacy in reducing bacterial levels on surfaces and in the air, reducing nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of violet-blue (405 nm) LED lamps on high-contact surfaces in a hospital infection-control laboratory. High-contact surfaces were sampled before and after 7 days of exposure to violet-blue light. In addition, the effect of violet-blue light on MRSA-contaminated surfaces was investigated. Exposure to violet-blue light significantly reduced the number of bacteria, yeasts and moulds on the sampled surfaces. The incubator handle showed a low microbial load and no growth after irradiation. The worktable and sink showed an inconsistent reduction due to shaded areas. In the second experiment, violet-blue light significantly reduced the microbial load of MRSA on surfaces, with a greater reduction on steel surfaces than on plastic surfaces. Violet-blue light at 405 nm has proven to be an effective tool for pathogen inactivation in healthcare settings Violet-blue light shows promise as an additional and integrated tool to reduce microbial contamination in hospital environments but must be used in combination with standard cleaning practices and infection control protocols. Further research is needed to optimise the violet-blue, 405 nm disinfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Amodeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Pietro Manzi
- Hospital of Santa Maria di Terni, 05100 Terni, Italy;
| | - Isa De Palma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Puccio
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (N.N.)
| | - Nicola Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (N.N.)
| | | | - Daniele Marini
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (D.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy; (D.M.); (D.P.)
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Amodeo D, Lucarelli V, De Palma I, Puccio A, Nante N, Cevenini G, Messina G. Efficacy of violet-blue light to inactive microbial growth. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20179. [PMID: 36424450 PMCID: PMC9691702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in health care-associated infections and antibiotic resistance has led to a growing interest in the search for innovative technologies to solve these problems. In recent years, the interest of the scientific community has focused on violet-blue light at 405 nm (VBL405). This study aimed to assess the VBL405 efficiency in reducing microbial growth on surfaces and air. This descriptive study run between July and October 2020. Petri dishes were contaminated with P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, K. pneumoniae and were placed at 2 and 3 m from a LED light source having a wavelength peak at 405 nm and an irradiance respectively of 967 and 497 µW/cm2. Simultaneously, the air in the room was sampled for 5 days with two air samplers (SAS) before and after the exposition to the VBL405 source. The highest microbial reduction was reached 2 m directly under the light source: S. typhimurium (2.93 log10), K. pneumoniae (2.30 log10), S. aureus (3.98 log10), E. coli (3.83 log10), P. aeruginosa (3.86 log10). At a distance of 3 m from the light source, the greatest reduction was observed for S. aureus (3.49 log10), and P. aeruginosa (3.80 log10). An average percent microbial reduction of about 70% was found in the sampled air after 12 h of exposure to VBL405. VBL405 has proven to contrast microbial growth on the plates. Implementing this technology in the environment to provide continuous disinfection and to control microbial presence, even in the presence of people, may be an innovative solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Amodeo
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Lucarelli
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Isa De Palma
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Puccio
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Nante
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cevenini
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Messina
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Li Z, Ni F, Jia S, Gao LH, Yuan H, Wang KZ. Bipolar Hemicyanine-Based Photodynamic Modulation of Type I Pathway for Efficient Sterilization and Real-Time Monitoring. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2549-2555. [PMID: 35658412 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of photosensitizers with low oxygen dependence for generating type I ROS is in high demand to be able to treat pathogenic infections in hypoxic conditions. Here, we report a series of cationic bipolar hemicyanines (C3, C6, and C10) with alkyl linkers of varying lengths that are found to exclusively produce hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals with the aid of white light and that have different antibacterial abilities toward a variety of pathogens. Furthermore, hemicyanines could differentiate live from dead bacteria to track the status of pathogens in real time. It is expected that hemicyanines could be applied for combatting various microbial infections in hypoxia and real-time tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Fan Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shaochuan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huanxiang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Zhi Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Automated room decontamination: report of a Healthcare Infection Society Working Party. J Hosp Infect 2022; 124:97-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Amza CG, Zapciu A, Baciu F, Vasile MI, Popescu D. Aging of 3D Printed Polymers under Sterilizing UV-C Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4467. [PMID: 34961017 PMCID: PMC8709156 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, shortwave ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 200 nm and 280 nm (UV-C) is seeing increased usage in the sterilization of medical equipment, appliances, and spaces due to its antimicrobial effect. During the first weeks of the pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced a shortage of personal protective equipment. This led to hospital technicians, private companies, and even members of the public to resort to 3D printing in order to produce fast, on-demand resources. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on mechanical properties of parts 3D printed by material extrusion (MEX) from common polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and were then tested versus a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both tensile and compressive strength were determined, as well as changes in material creep properties. Prolonged UV-C exposure reduced the mechanical properties of PLA by 6-8% and of PETG by over 30%. These findings are of practical importance for those interested in producing functional MEX parts intended to be sterilized using UV-C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to assess any changes in material structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gheorghe Amza
- Department of Quality Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurelian Zapciu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Florin Baciu
- Department of Strength Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihai Ion Vasile
- Department of Quality Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Diana Popescu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.)
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McGreer M. Testing the Effects of UV-C Radiation on Materials. IST INTERNATIONAL SURFACE TECHNOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8318635 DOI: 10.1007/s35724-021-0466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McGreer M. Auswirkungen desinfizierender UV-C-Bestrahlung testen. JOT JOURNAL FÜR OBERFLÄCHENTECHNIK 2021. [PMCID: PMC8087504 DOI: 10.1007/s35144-021-1160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Auswirkungen desinfizierender UV-C-Bestrahlung testen. JOT JOURNAL FÜR OBERFLÄCHENTECHNIK 2021. [PMCID: PMC8081561 DOI: 10.1007/s35144-021-1173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pecho P, Škvareková I, Ažaltovič V, Hrúz M. Design of air circuit disinfection against COVID-19 in the conditions of airliners. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROCEDIA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7833113 DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rossi F, Khoo EH, Su X, Thanh NTK. Study of the Effect of Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles on Plasmonic Coupling with a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Film. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:315-326. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rossi
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albermarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #8-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Eng Huat Khoo
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Electronics and Photonics Department, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis North, #16-16, Singapore 138632
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #8-03, Singapore 138634
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- School of Engineering and Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albermarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K
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11
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Rossi F, Thanh NTK, Su XD. Gold Nanorods Embedded in Polymeric Film for Killing Bacteria by Generating Reactive Oxygen Species with Light. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3059-3067. [PMID: 32055778 PMCID: PMC7009025 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, anisotropic gold nanorods (AuNRs) were embedded with a photosensitizer dye (crystal violet) in polyurethane (PU) matrix to create the effective antimicrobial film, capable of killing Gram-negative bacteria on its surface when exposed to white light. The dye, when activated with white light, interacts with the AuNRs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which kill bacteria. With a proper control of the aspect ratio (2.1-2.4) and coating of the AuNRs, the film can be tuned to reduce the bacteria population of one to four orders of magnitude (1-log to 4-log) under 11 klux of light, for an exposure to light between 1 to 3 h. Particularly it could reduce 104 cfu/cm2 to the level of 1-5 cfu/cm2 in 3 h of light exposure. This was a desired performance for use on hospital surfaces. In addition, the system showed antimicrobial effect only when exposed to light, which eliminated the concern for a cumulative toxic effect on subjects exposed to the material for a long period of time and limited the time given to the bacteria to develop resistance against the system. Furthermore, this process of sterilization could be carried out by a commercially available white light lamp, which when in use did not interrupt the normal routine operation of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rossi
- Biophysics
Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy,
University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, U.K.
- UCL
Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, Royal Institution
of Great Britain, 21
Albermarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K.
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR
(Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #8-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Nguyễn T. K. Thanh
- Biophysics
Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy,
University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, U.K.
- UCL
Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, Royal Institution
of Great Britain, 21
Albermarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K.
| | - Xiao Di Su
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR
(Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #8-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive
3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- School
of Engineering and Science, University of
the Sunshine Coast, 90
Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs Queensland 4556, Australia
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