1
|
Zhang Y, Yan S, Wang X, Guan Y, Du C, Fan T, Li H, Zhai J. An Experimental Investigation of the Mechanism of Hygrothermal Aging and Low-Velocity Impact Performance of Resin Matrix Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1477. [PMID: 38891424 PMCID: PMC11174897 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Resin matrix composites (RCs) have better thermal and chemical stability, so they are widely used in engineering fields. In this study, the aging process and mechanism of two different types of resin-based three-dimensional four-way braided composites (H15 and S15) under different hygrothermal aging conditions were studied. The effect of aging behavior on the mechanical properties of RCs was also studied. Three different aging conditions were studied: Case I, 40 °C Soak; Case II, 70 °C Soak; and Case III, 70 °C-85% relative humidity (RH). It was found that the hygroscopic behavior of RCs in the process of moisture-heat aging conforms to Fick's second law. Higher temperatures and humidity lead to higher water absorption. The equilibrium hygroscopic content of H15 was 1.46% (Case II), and that of S15 was 2.51% (Case II). FT-IR revealed the different hygroscopic mechanisms of H15 and S15 in terms of aging behavior. On the whole, the infiltration behavior of water molecules is mainly exhibited in the process of wet and thermal aging. At the same time, the effect of the aging process on resin matrices was observed using SEM. It was found that the aging process led to the formation of microchannels on the substrate surface of S15, and the formation of these channels was the main reason for the better moisture absorption and lower mechanical strength of S15. At the same time, this study further found that temperature and oxygen content are the core influences on post-aging strength. The LVI experiment also showed that the structural changes and deterioration effects occurring after aging reduced the strength of the studied material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Changmei Du
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Tiancong Fan
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China;
| | - Hanhua Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China;
| | - Junjun Zhai
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Experimental Study of Curing Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites with Application to Filament Winding Pressure Vessel Design. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040982. [PMID: 36850262 PMCID: PMC9961612 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During the forming process of carbon fiber composite pressure vessels, the parameters of the curing and forming processes become one of the critical factors affecting the production cost and forming quality. The curing temperature of 4251 A4/B2 epoxy resin is measured in this research, and the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of composite materials for winding is studied, which is finally verified in the test of pressure vessels. First, the actual curing temperature of the epoxy resin is tested and analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Second, under two different curing regimes, the tensile and flexural properties are tested by making pure epoxy resin matrix test pieces, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) rings, and carbon fiber composite unidirectional plates that affect the overall performance of composite pressure vessels. At the same time, the test results provide reliable process parameters for numerical simulation and manufacturing of pressure vessels. Finally, the filament-wound 35 MPa type III pressure vessel is cured and carried out using a hydraulic burst test. The results show the resin matrix has good fluidity and excellent interface bonding with carbon fiber when the curing temperature is 112 °C. Compared with the results in curing temperature of 100 °C, the tensile strength of the NOL ring reaches 2260.8 MPa, up by 22%. In the 90° direction, the tensile and flexural strengths of the unidirectional plates increase by 68.86% and 37.42%, respectively. In the 0° direction, the tensile and flexural strengths of the unidirectional plates increase by 5.82% and 1.16%, respectively. The pressure vessel bursting form is reasonable and meets the CGH2R standard. The bursting pressure of the vessel is up to 104.4 MPa, which verifies the rationality of the curing regime used in the curing process of the pressure vessel. Based on the results of this paper, the curing temperature affects the fluidity of the epoxy resin, which in turn affects the interfacial bonding properties of the composite, and the forming quality of the wound components and the pressure vessel, ultimately. When using 4251A4/B2 epoxy resin for wet winding pressure vessels, the choice of a 112 °C curing temperature will help improve the vessel's overall performance. This work could provide reliable experience and insight into the curing process analysis of pressure vessel manufacturing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ishida T, Kitagaki R, Elakneswaran Y, Mizukado J, Shinzawa H, Sato H, Hagihara H, Watanabe R. Network Degradation Assessed by Evolved Gas Analysis–Mass Spectrometry Combined with Principal Component Analysis (EGA–MS–PCA): A Case of Thermo-Oxidized Epoxy/Amine Network. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takato Ishida
- Department of Materials Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya464-8603, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba305-8565, Japan
| | - Ryoma Kitagaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Nishi-8-chome, Kita-13-jyo, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Yogarajah Elakneswaran
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Nishi-8-chome, Kita-13-jyo, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Junji Mizukado
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shinzawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hagihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba305-8565, Japan
| | - Ryota Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ortega-Iguña M, Akhavan-Safar A, Carbas R, Sánchez-Amaya J, Chludzinski M, da Silva L. Use of seawater to improve the static strength and fatigue life of bonded coated steel joints. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Structure–Properties Relationships Involved in the Embrittlement of Epoxies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214685. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper illustrates a study of the thermal oxidation of several epoxy amine networks. Oxidation was followed at the molecular scale using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and at the macromolecular scale using tensile tests. FTIR showed the major formation of amides, while tensile tests showed the progressive increase in the elastic modulus (~0.5 GPa for room temperature Young modulus) and decrease in ultimate strain and volumic energy for failure (assessed using the integrals of stress-strain curves). Both ultimate strain and volumic energy were divided by more than two. Linear correlations between oxidation trackers (amide concentration) and changes in mechanical parameters are presented and discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Structural Properties of Epoxy–Silica Barrier Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Reinforcing Steel. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173474. [PMID: 36080551 PMCID: PMC9460649 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement steel extensively applied in civil construction is susceptible to corrosion due to the carbonation process in reinforced concrete and chloride ions diffusion. Epoxy-silica-based coatings are a promising option to guarantee the long-term stability of reinforced concrete structures. In this study, the influence of the proportion between the poly (bisphenol-A-co-epichlorhydrin) resin (DGEBA) and the curing agent diethylenetriamine (DETA) on the structural, morphological, and barrier properties of epoxy–silica nanocomposites were evaluated. To simulate different stages of concrete aging, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) assays were performed for coated samples in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution (pH 7) and in simulated concrete pore solutions (SCPS), which represent the hydration environment in fresh concrete (SCPS1, pH 8) and after carbonation (SCPS2, pH 14). The results showed that coatings with an intermediate DETA to DGEBA ratio of 0.4, presented the best long-term corrosion protection with a low-frequency impedance modulus of up to 3.8 GΩ cm2 in NaCl and SCPS1 solutions. Small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy analysis revealed that the best performance observed for the intermediate DETA proportion is associated with the presence of larger silica nanodomains, which act as a filler in the cross-linked epoxy matrix, thus favoring the formation of an efficient diffusion barrier.
Collapse
|
7
|
Effect of Solvent on Superhydrophobicity Behavior of Tiles Coated with Epoxy/PDMS/SS. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122406. [PMID: 35745983 PMCID: PMC9230667 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Superhydrophobic coatings are widely applied in various applications due to their water-repelling characteristics. However, producing a durable superhydrophobic coating with less harmful low surface materials and solvents remains a challenge. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the effects of three different solvents in preparing a durable and less toxic superhydrophobic coating containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silica solution (SS), and epoxy resin (DGEBA). A simple sol-gel method was used to prepare a superhydrophobic coating, and a spray-coating technique was employed to apply the superhydrophobic coating on tile substrates. The coated tile substrates were characterized for water contact angle (WCA) and tilting angle (TA) measurements, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Among 3 types of solvent (acetone, hexane, and isopropanol), a tile sample coated with isopropanol-added solution acquires the highest water contact angle of 152 ± 2° with a tilting angle of 7 ± 2° and a surface roughness of 21.80 nm after UV curing for 24 h. The peel off test showed very good adherence of the isopropanol-added solution coating on tiles. A mechanism for reactions that occur in the best optimized solvent is proposed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chin CDW, Ringgold MA, Redline EM, Bregman AG, Hattar K, Peretti AS, Treadwell LJ. Fabrication, thermal analysis, and heavy ion irradiation resistance of epoxy matrix nanocomposites loaded with silane-functionalized ceria nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6552-6569. [PMID: 35262100 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a detailed understanding of how nanofillers function as radiation barriers within the polymer matrix, and how their effectiveness is impacted by factors such as composition, size, loading, surface chemistry, and dispersion. We designed a comprehensive investigation of heavy ion irradiation resistance in epoxy matrix composites loaded with surface-modified ceria nanofillers, utilizing tandem computational and experimental methods to elucidate radiolytic damage processes and relate them to chemical and structural changes observed through thermal analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. A detailed mechanistic examination supported by FTIR spectroscopy data identified the bisphenol A moiety as a primary target for degradation reactions. Results of computational modeling by the Stopping Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) Monte Carlo simulation were in good agreement with damage analysis from surface and cross-sectional SEM imaging. All metrics indicated that ceria nanofillers reduce the damage area in polymer nanocomposites, and that nanofiller loading and homogeneity of dispersion are key to effective damage prevention. The results of this study represent a significant pathway for engineered irradiation tolerance in a diverse array of polymer nanocomposite materials. Numerous areas of materials science can benefit from utilizing this facile and effective method to extend the reliability of polymer materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Davis-Wheeler Chin
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| | - Marissa A Ringgold
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| | - Erica M Redline
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Avi G Bregman
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Amanda S Peretti
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - LaRico J Treadwell
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baghad A, El Mabrouk K. The isothermal curing kinetics of a new carbon fiber/epoxy resin and the physical properties of its autoclaved composite laminates. MATERIALS TODAY: PROCEEDINGS 2022; 57:922-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
10
|
Celina MC, Linde E, Martinez E. Carbonyl Identification and Quantification Uncertainties for Oxidative Polymer Degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Ishii H, Hirai N, Ohki Y. Comparison of degradation behavior between soft and hard epoxy resins. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2020.1848655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishii
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Hirai
- Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Ohki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Major in Nuclear Energy, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Campbell CG, Astorga DJ, Duemichen E, Celina M. Thermoset materials characterization by thermal desorption or pyrolysis based gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Delozanne J, Desgardin N, Cuvillier N, Richaud E. Thermal oxidation of aromatic epoxy-diamine networks. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
14
|
Sánchez M, Uicich JF, Arenas GF, Rodríguez ES, Montemartini PE, Penoff ME. Chemical reactions affecting halloysite dispersion in epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- National Interuniversity Council 871 Ecuador Street, C1214ACM Buenos Aires Argentina
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Julieta Fabienne Uicich
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Gustavo Francisco Arenas
- Laser Laboratory, Scientific and Technologic Research Institute in Electronics (ICyTE), Faculty of EngineeringNational University of Mar del Plata & CONICET 4302 Juan B. Justo Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Exequiel Santos Rodríguez
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Pablo Ezequiel Montemartini
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Marcela Elisabeth Penoff
- Structural Composite Group (CET)Materials Science and Technology Research Institute (INTEMA) –Technical and Scientific National Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) 7575 Solís Street, 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ernault E, Dirrenberger J, Richaud E, Fayolle B. Prediction of stress induced by heterogeneous oxidation: Case of epoxy/amine networks. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Krauklis AE, Echtermeyer AT. Mechanism of Yellowing: Carbonyl Formation during Hygrothermal Aging in a Common Amine Epoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10091017. [PMID: 30960942 PMCID: PMC6403735 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxies are often exposed to water due to rain and humid air environments. Epoxy yellows during its service time under these conditions, even when protected from UV radiation. The material’s color is not regained upon redrying, indicating irreversible aging mechanisms. Understanding what causes a discoloration is of importance for applications where the visual aspect of the material is significant. In this work, irreversible aging mechanisms and the cause of yellowing were identified. Experiments were performed using a combination of FT-NIR, ATR-FT-IR, EDX, HR-ICP-MS, pH measurements, optical microscopy, SEM, and DMTA. Such extensive material characterization and structured logic of investigation, provided the necessary evidence to investigate the long-term changes. No chain scission (hydrolysis or oxidation-induced) was present in the studied common DGEBA/HDDGE/IPDA/POPA epoxy, whilst it was found that thermo-oxidation and leaching occurred. Thermo-oxidation involved evolution of carbonyl groups in the polymeric carbon–carbon backbone, via nucleophilic radical attack and minor crosslinking of the HDDGE segments. Four probable reactive sites were identified, and respective reactions were proposed. Compounds involved in leaching were identified to be epichlorohydrin and inorganic impurities but were found to be unrelated to yellowing. Carbonyl formation in the epoxy backbone due to thermo-oxidation was the cause for the yellowing of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Krauklis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Andreas T Echtermeyer
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|