1
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Zheng P, Zhao H, Li J, Liu Q, Zhang J, Wu W. A multi-element flame retardant containing boron and double-bond structure for enhancing mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8130. [PMID: 38584161 PMCID: PMC10999438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A multi-element synergistic flame retardant with double-bond structure was synthesized and added to epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP composites with high flame retardant and mechanical properties. The study demonstrated that the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composite, containing 5 wt% of DOPO, exhibits the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32%, indicating a high resistance to combustion. Additionally, it successfully meets the UL-94 V-0 grade, indicating excellent self-extinguishing properties. The DOPO-KhCPA-5 compound exhibited a 48.7% decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 7.2% decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to pure EP. The inclusion of double-bonded architectures in the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composites led to a significant enhancement in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by 38.5% and the tensile modulus by 57.9% compared to pure EP. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a fully interpenetrating network of macromolecular chain structures by DOPO-KhCPA within the EP matrix. This network increased the entanglement between molecular chains, resulting in positive effects on the mechanical properties of the EP. Multi-element of DOPO-KhCPA exhibits a synergistic effect, providing condensed and noncombustible gas-phase flame retardancy. Additionally, the mechanical properties were improved with the introduction of flame retardants due to the good impact of double-bond cross-linking. The effectiveness of DOPO-KhCPA as an additive for developing high-performance EP with significant potential applications has been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Wu
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Jašek V, Fučík J, Krhut J, Mravcova L, Figalla S, Přikryl R. A Study of Isosorbide Synthesis from Sorbitol for Material Applications Using Isosorbide Dimethacrylate for Enhancement of Bio-Based Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3640. [PMID: 37688269 PMCID: PMC10490356 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based cross-linkers can fulfill the role of enhancing additives in bio-sourced curable materials that do not compare with artificial resin precursors. Isosorbide dimethacrylate (ISDMMA) synthesized from isosorbide (ISD) can serve as a cross-linker from renewable sources. Isosorbide is a bicyclic carbon molecule produced by the reaction modification of sorbitol and the optimal conditions of this reaction were studied in this work. The reaction temperature of 130 °C and 1% w/w amount of para-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) were determined as optimal and resulted in a yield of 81.9%. Isosorbide dimethacrylate was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution with methacrylic anhydride (MAA) with the conversion of 94.1% of anhydride. Formed ISD and ISDMMA were characterized via multiple verification methods (FT-IR, MS, 1H NMR, and XRD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) proved the curability of ISDMMA (activation energy Ea of 146.2 kJ/mol) and the heat-resistant index of ISDMMA (Ts reaching value of 168.9) was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Characterized ISDMMA was added to the precursor mixture containing methacrylated alkyl 3-hydroxybutyrates (methyl ester M3HBMMA and ethyl ester E3HBMMA), and the mixtures were cured via photo-initiation. The amount of ISDMMA cross-linker increased all measured parameters obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), such as storage modulus (E') and glass transition temperature (Tg), and the calculated cross-linking densities (νe). Therefore, the enhancement influence of bio-based ISDMMA on resins from renewable sources was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Jašek
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Jan Fučík
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Jiří Krhut
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Ludmila Mravcova
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.F.); (R.P.)
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3
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Howell BA. Thermal Degradation of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224929. [PMID: 36433056 PMCID: PMC9695522 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new organophosphorus flame retardants for polymeric materials is spurred by relatively low toxicity, effectiveness, and demand for replacement of more traditional materials. To function, these compounds must decompose in a degrading polymer matrix to form species which promote modification of the solid phase or generate active radical moieties that escape to the gas phase and interrupt combustion propagating reactions. An understanding of the decomposition process for these compounds may provide insight into the nature of flame retardant action which they may offer and suggest parameters for the synthesis of effective new organophosphorus flame retardants. The thermal degradation of a series of organophosphorus esters varying in the level of oxygenation at phosphorus-alkyl phosphate, aryl phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate-has been examined. Initial degradation in all cases corresponds to elimination of a phosphorus acid. However, the facility with which this occurs is strongly dependent on the level of oxygenation at phosphorus. For alkyl phosphates elimination occurs rapidly at relatively low temperature. The same process occurs at somewhat higher temperature for aryl phosphates. Elimination of a phosphorus acid from phosphonate or phosphinate occurs more slowly and at much higher temperature. Further, the acids formed from elimination rapidly degrade further to evolve volatile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob A Howell
- Science of Advanced Materials, Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859-0001, USA
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4
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Xie L, Liu B, Liu X, Lu Y. Preparation of flame retardant viscose fibers by supramolecular self‐assembly. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
- Dezhou Graduate School of North University of China Dezhou China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
- Dezhou Graduate School of North University of China Dezhou China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
- Dezhou Graduate School of North University of China Dezhou China
| | - Yueyue Lu
- Yulin Energy Chemical Limited Company of Yanzhou Coal Yulin China
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5
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Sykam K, Donempudi S, Basak P. 1,2,
3‐Triazole
rich polymers for flame retardant application: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Pratyay Basak
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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6
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Yang T, Gao Y, Liu X, Wang X, Ma B, He Y. Flame‐retardant polyamide 56 with high fire safety and good thermal performance. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yuanbo Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Cathay Biotechnology Incorporation Shanghai China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Bomou Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
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7
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Ai YF, Liu XD, Bai WB, Lin YC, Xie RR, Jian RK. From herbicide to flame retardant: The lamellar-like phosphorus-bridged amitrole toward high fire safety epoxy resin with light smoke and low toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132704. [PMID: 34715101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to alleviate the harmful impact of the flammability of epoxy resin on the environment, amitrole, a herbicide, has been converted to a novel flame retardant (PBA) with lamellar morphology through organophosphorus modification. This material has been utilized to fabricate fire safe epoxy thermosets (EP). EP containing 7.5 wt% PBA undergoes quick self-extinguishment upon ignition. This blend displays a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 34%. More importantly, hazardous products (heat, smoke, toxic gases including CO/CO2) released during combustion of EP, are strongly suppressed in the presence of PBA. The mechanical properties of EP-PBA blends are comparable to those of virgin EP. The tensile strength of EP containing PBA is 90% of that of unmodified EP. The flexural strength of PBA blends is somewhat greater than that for EP containing no additive. A tactful strategy for the transformation of amitrole, a potential environmental contaminant to a benign flame retardant for polymers has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fang Ai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xin-Duo Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Wei-Bin Bai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yu-Cai Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Rong-Rong Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Rong-Kun Jian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
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8
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Dutta S, Bhat NS. Chemocatalytic value addition of glucose without carbon-carbon bond cleavage/formation reactions: an overview. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4891-4912. [PMID: 35425469 PMCID: PMC8981328 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As the monomeric unit of the abundant biopolymer cellulose, glucose is considered a sustainable feedstock for producing carbon-based transportation fuels, chemicals, and polymers. The chemocatalytic value addition of glucose can be broadly classified into those involving C-C bond cleavage/formation reactions and those without. The C6 products obtained from glucose are particularly satisfying because their syntheses enjoy a 100% carbon economy. Although multiple derivatives of glucose retaining all six carbon atoms in their moiety are well-documented, they are somewhat dispersed in the literature and never delineated coherently from the perspective of their carbon skeleton. The glucose-derived chemical intermediates discussed in this review include polyols like sorbitol and sorbitan, diols like isosorbide, furanic compounds like 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, and carboxylic acids like gluconic acid. Recent advances in producing the intermediates mentioned above from glucose following chemocatalytic routes have been elaborated, and their derivative chemistry highlighted. This review aims to comprehensively understand the prospects and challenges associated with the catalytic synthesis of C6 molecules from glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal Mangalore-575025 Karnataka India
| | - Navya Subray Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal Mangalore-575025 Karnataka India
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9
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Yao Z, Qiu Y, Qian L, Xu B. A novel high phosphorus‐efficiency phosphaphenanthrene curing agent for fabricating flame retardant and toughened epoxy thermoset. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Yao
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Building Materials Academy Beijing China
| | - Yong Qiu
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Bo Xu
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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10
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Yuan Z, Wen H, Liu Y, Wang Q. Synergy between piperazine pyrophosphate and aluminum diethylphosphinate in flame retarded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Dai P, Liang M, Ma X, Luo Y, He M, Gu X, Gu Q, Hussain I, Luo Z. Highly Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Lignin-Based Flame Retardant Used in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32084-32093. [PMID: 33344863 PMCID: PMC7745397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We prepared novel flame retardants with concurrent excellent smoke-suppression properties based on lignin biomass modified by functional groups containing N and P. Each lignin-based flame retardant (Lig) was quantitatively added to a fixed amount of epoxy resin (EP), to make a Lig/EP composite. The best flame retardancy was achieved by a Lig-F/EP composite with elevated P content, achieving a V-0 rating of the UL-94 test and exhibiting excellent smoke suppression, with substantial reduction of total heat release and smoke production (by 46.6 and 53%, respectively). In this work, we characterized the flame retardants and the retardant/EP composites, evaluated their performances, and proposed the mechanisms of flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The charring layer of the combustion residual was analyzed using SEM and Raman spectroscopy to support the proposed mechanisms. Our work provides a feasible method for lignin modification and applications of new lignin-based flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dai
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Liang
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Ming He
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Qun Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, 230 Scotland Road, Edinboro, Pennsylvania 16444, United States
| | - Imtiaz Hussain
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
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12
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Howell BA, Daniel YG. Synthesis and characterization of isomeric diphenylphosphatoisosorbide acrylates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2019.1708361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob A. Howell
- Science of Advanced Materials, Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Yoseph G. Daniel
- Science of Advanced Materials, Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
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13
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Poly (vinyl alcohol)/β-Cyclodextrin Composite Fiber with Good Flame Retardant and Super-Smoke Suppression Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051078. [PMID: 32397171 PMCID: PMC7284589 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibers with good flame retardant (FR) and smoke suppression performances are highly desirable for the purpose of eliminating fire hazard. This study developed a novel FR fiber by wet-spinning poly (vinyl alcohol)/β-cyclodextrin (PVA/βCD) composite fiber and crosslinking it with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). βCDs showed good compatibility with PVA matrix, and the resulting PVA/CD/HDI fibers showed mechanical strength at the same level as natural cotton fiber. The PVA/CD/HDI fibers also showed excellent flame retardance (the LOI value of PVA/CD/HDI could reach 41.7%, and their peak of heat release (PHRR) could be reduced by up to 77.7% by neat PVA), and super-smoke suppression (the value of total smoke production (TSP) was only 28.6% compared to PVA). These dramatic reductions of fire hazard were ascribed to the char formation of βCD and crosslinking structure of PVA/CD/HDI, which formed a compact char layer during combustion, thus preventing heat transmission and smoke release.
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14
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15
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Howell BA, Han X. Effective Biobased Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Starch-Derived bis-2,5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furan. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030592. [PMID: 32013211 PMCID: PMC7037623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of biobased phosphorus flame retardants has been prepared by converting starch-derived bis-2,5-(hydroxymethyl)furan to the corresponding diacrylate followed by Michael addition of phosphite to generate derivatives with phosphorus moieties attached via P–C bonds. All compounds behave as effective flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy resin. The most effective is the DOPO derivative, 2,5-di[(3-dopyl-propanoyl)methyl]furan. When incorporated into a DGEBA blend at a level to provide 2% phosphorus, a material displaying a LOI of 30, an UL 94 rating of V0 and a 40% reduction in combustion peak heat release rate compared to that for resin containing no additive is obtained. The analogous compounds generated from bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A exhibit similar flame-retarding properties.
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16
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Incorporation of Comonomer exo-5-(Diphenylphosphato)Isosorbide-2- endo-Acrylate to Generate Flame Retardant Poly(Styrene). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122038. [PMID: 31835304 PMCID: PMC6960599 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A phosphorus containing acrylate monomer has been constructed from isosorbide, a renewable biomaterial. Treatment of isosorbide with diphenylchlorophosphate generates a mixture of phosphorus esters from which exo-5-(diphenylphosphato)isosorbide-2-endo-ol may be isolated using column chromatography. Conversion of the alcohol to the corresponding acrylate by treatment with acroyl chloride provides a reactive acryloyl monomer containing a diphenylphosphato unit. Copolymerization of this monomer, at levels to provide 1% or 2% phosphorus incorporation, with styrene generates a polymer with substantially diminished flammability compared to that for styrene homopolymer.
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17
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Yao Z, Qian L, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Xu B, Li J. Flame retardant and toughening behaviors of bio‐based DOPO‐containing curing agent in epoxy thermoset. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Yao
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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19
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Howell BA, Lazar ST. Biobased Plasticizers from Glycerol/Adipic Acid Hyperbranched Poly(ester)s. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob A. Howell
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859-0001, United States
| | - Simone T. Lazar
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859-0001, United States
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20
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Hu C, Bourbigot S, Delaunay T, Collinet M, Marcille S, Fontaine G. Synthesis of isosorbide based flame retardants: Application for polybutylene succinate. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040664. [PMID: 30978988 PMCID: PMC6523419 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.
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22
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Hobbs CE. Recent Advances in Bio-Based Flame Retardant Additives for Synthetic Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30960208 PMCID: PMC6419264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in the absence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) have revolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levels of flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives for these materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared are problematic due to their negative impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, their preparations are neither green nor sustainable since they require typical organic synthetic processes that rely on fossil fuels. Because of this, the need to develop more sustainable and non-toxic options is vital. Many research groups have turned their attention to preparing new bio-based FR additives for synthetic polymers. This review explores some of the recent examples made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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23
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Realinho V, Arencón D, Antunes M, Velasco JI. Effects of a Phosphorus Flame Retardant System on the Mechanical and Fire Behavior of Microcellular ABS. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:polym11010030. [PMID: 30960014 PMCID: PMC6401830 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work deals with the study of phosphorus flame retardant microcellular acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) parts and the effects of weight reduction on the fire and mechanical performance. Phosphorus-based flame retardant additives (PFR), aluminum diethylphosphinate and ammonium polyphosphate, were used as a more environmentally friendly alternative to halogenated flame retardants. A 25 wt % of such PFR system was added to the polymer using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, microcellular parts with 10, 15, and 20% of nominal weight reduction were prepared using a MuCell® injection-molding process. The results indicate that the presence of PFR particles increased the storage modulus and decreased the impact energy determined by means of dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis and falling weight impact tests respectively. Nevertheless, the reduction of impact energy was found to be lower in ABS/PFR samples than in neat ABS with increasing weight reduction. This effect was attributed to the lower cell sizes and higher cell densities of the microcellular core of ABS/PFR parts. All ABS/PFR foams showed a self-extinguishing behavior under UL-94 burning vertical tests, independently of the weight reduction. Gradual decreases of the second peak of heat release rate and time of combustion with similar intumescent effect were observed with increasing weight reduction under cone calorimeter tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Realinho
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Arencón
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Antunes
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Centre Català del Plàstic, Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), C/Colom 114, E-08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Phosphorus Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials from Gallic Acid and Other Naturally Occurring Multihydroxybenzoic Acids. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/7237236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of polymer and polymer additives from renewable biosources is becoming increasingly prominent. This reflects increasing concerns about sustainability, environmental quality, and human health. Bioproducts produced in nature are generally inexpensive and benign in the environment. Moreover, degradation of derivatives does not yield toxic products. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is found widely in nature and has long been touted for its medicinal qualities. 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is also produced by several plants, most notably buckwheat. Both compounds, as the anilide and methyl ester, respectively, have been converted to a series of phosphorus esters, both phosphonate and phosphate. Esters have been fully characterized using spectroscopic and thermal methods. These compounds display good flame retardancy at low loadings in DGEBA epoxy resin.
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Xia J, Su Y, Li W. Post-polymerization functionalization to a novel phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing polyether coating for flame retardant treatment of PET fabric. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yumiao Su
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Wenmu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics; Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fuzhou 350002 China
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26
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Howell BA, Lazar ST. Biobased Plasticizers from Carbohydrate-Derived 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob A. Howell
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859-0001, United States
| | - Simone T. Lazar
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859-0001, United States
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27
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Peng C, Gao C, Yuan Y, Wu Z, zhou D. Synthesis and application of a benzoxazine-type phosphorus-containing monomer on epoxy/benzoxazine copolymer: Thermal stability and compatibility with liquid oxygen. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Xia Z, Kiratitanavit W, Facendola P, Thota S, Yu S, Kumar J, Mosurkal R, Nagarajan R. Fire resistant polyphenols based on chemical modification of bio-derived tannic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Januszewski R, Dutkiewicz M, Maciejewski H, Marciniec B. Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus-containing, silicone rubber based flame retardant coatings. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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