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Lee YB, Suslick BA, de Jong D, Wilson GO, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Braun PV. A Self-Healing System for Polydicyclopentadiene Thermosets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2309662. [PMID: 38087908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing offers promise for addressing structural failures, increasing lifespan, and improving durability in polymeric materials. Implementing self-healing in thermoset polymers faces significant manufacturing challenges, especially due to the elevated temperature requirements of thermoset processing. To introduce self-healing into structural thermosets, the self-healing system must be thermally stable and compatible with the thermoset chemistry. This article demonstrates a self-healing microcapsule-based system stable to frontal polymerization (FP), a rapid and energy-efficient manufacturing process with a self-propagating exothermic reaction (≈200 °C). A thermally latent Grubbs-type complex bearing two N-heterocyclic carbene ligands addresses limitations in conventional G2-based self-healing approaches. Under FP's elevated temperatures, the catalyst remains dormant until activated by a Cu(I) co-reagent, ensuring efficient polymerization of the dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) upon damage to the polyDCPD matrix. The two-part microcapsule system consists of one capsule containing the thermally latent Grubbs-type catalyst dissolved in the solvent, and another capsule containing a Cu(I) coagent blended with liquid DCPD monomer. Using the same chemistry for both matrix fabrication and healing results in strong interfaces as demonstrated by lap-shear tests. In an optimized system, the self-healing system restores the mechanical properties of the tough polyDCPD thermoset. Self-healing efficiencies greater than 90% via tapered double cantilever beam tests are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bum Lee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Derek de Jong
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul V Braun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Husted KEL, Brown CM, Shieh P, Kevlishvili I, Kristufek SL, Zafar H, Accardo JV, Cooper JC, Klausen RS, Kulik HJ, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Kalow JA, Johnson JA. Remolding and Deconstruction of Industrial Thermosets via Carboxylic Acid-Catalyzed Bifunctional Silyl Ether Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1916-1923. [PMID: 36637230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Convenient strategies for the deconstruction and reprocessing of thermosets could improve the circularity of these materials, but most approaches developed to date do not involve established, high-performance engineering materials. Here, we show that bifunctional silyl ether, i.e., R'O-SiR2-OR'', (BSE)-based comonomers generate covalent adaptable network analogues of the industrial thermoset polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) through a novel BSE exchange process facilitated by the low-cost food-safe catalyst octanoic acid. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations suggest an exchange mechanism involving silyl ester intermediates with formation rates that strongly depend on the Si-R2 substituents. As a result, pDCPD thermosets manufactured with BSE comonomers display temperature- and time-dependent stress relaxation as a function of their substituents. Moreover, bulk remolding of pDCPD thermosets is enabled for the first time. Altogether, this work presents a new approach toward the installation of exchangeable bonds into commercial thermosets and establishes acid-catalyzed BSE exchange as a versatile addition to the toolbox of dynamic covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E L Husted
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 61820, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Nicolas C, Huang J, Richaud E, David A, Gac PYL, Minne W, Drozdzak R, Recher G, Fontaine L, Montembault V. Enhanced thermo-oxidative stability of polydicyclopentadiene containing covalently bound nitroxide groups. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Huang J, Yves Le Gac P, Richaud E. Thermal oxidation of poly(dicyclopentadiene) - Effect of phenolic and hindered amine stabilizers. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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David A, Huang J, Richaud E, Yves Le Gac P. Impact of thermal oxidation on mechanical behavior of polydicylopentadiene: Case of non-diffusion limited oxidation. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang J, Minne W, Drozdzak R, Recher G, Le Gac PY, Richaud E. Thermal oxidation of poly(Dicyclopentadiene) – Decomposition of hydroperoxides. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vakalopoulou E, Borisov SM, Slugovc C. Fast Oxygen Scavenging of Macroporous Poly(Norbornadiene) Prepared by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900581. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Vakalopoulou
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food ChemistryGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A 8010 Graz Austria
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Huang J, David A, Le Gac PY, Lorthioir C, Coelho C, Richaud E. Thermal oxidation of Poly(dicyclopentadiene)– kinetic modeling of double bond consumption. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Richaud E, Guinault A, Baiz S, Nizeyimana F. Epoxidized linseed oils based networks. Case of thermal degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Bazarova ZB, Soroka LS, Lyapkov AA, Yusubov МS, Verpoort F. Synthesis of polydicyclopentadiene using the Cp 2TiCl 2/Et 2AlCl catalytic system and thin-layer oxidation of the polymer in air. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:733-745. [PMID: 30992721 PMCID: PMC6444398 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerization process of dicyclopentadiene using a multicomponent catalytic system based on bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride and diethylaluminum chloride was studied. It was demonstrated that the application of an excess of the aluminum component leads to the formation of stable charged complexes of blue discoloration, which initiate cationic polymerization of dicyclopentadiene. Unstabilized thin layers of obtained polydicyclopentadiene undergo oxidation and structuring under atmospheric oxygen. Oxidation of polydicyclopentadiene films in air occurs slowly during several weeks and can be determined by the increase of carbonyl and hydroxyl adsorption bands in infrared spectra. Along with oxidation, cross-linking processes occur in polymers, which lead to a change in physical parameters of the layers, and more precisely to a decrease in the permeability of atmospheric oxygen through the layers. Consequently, this leads to the transition of the oxidation from a kinetic mode into a diffusive mode. Such structural changes do not occur in a polymer that was stabilized by adding an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhargolma B Bazarova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila S Soroka
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Alex A Lyapkov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Мekhman S Yusubov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Francis Verpoort
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Ghent University, Global Campus Songdo, 119 Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
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12
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Balow RB, Giles SL, McGann CL, Daniels GC, Lundin JG, Pehrsson PE, Wynne JH. Rapid Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant with Thermally Activated Porous Polymer Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Balow
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
| | - Spencer L. Giles
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
| | - Christopher L. McGann
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
| | - Grant C. Daniels
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
| | - Jeffrey G. Lundin
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
| | - Pehr E. Pehrsson
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
| | - James H. Wynne
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375-5337, United States
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McGann CL, Daniels GC, Giles SL, Balow RB, Miranda-Zayas JL, Lundin JG, Wynne JH. Air Activated Self-Decontaminating Polydicyclopentadiene PolyHIPE Foams for Rapid Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800194. [PMID: 29786164 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The threat of chemical warfare agents (CWA) compels research into novel self-decontaminating materials (SDM) for the continued safety of first-responders, civilians, and active service personnel. The capacity to actively detoxify, as opposed to merely sequester, offending agents under typical environmental conditions defines the added value of SDMs in comparison to traditional adsorptive materials. Porous polymers, synthesized via the high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating, provide a facile fabrication method for materials with permeable open cellular structures that may serve in air filtration applications. PolyHIPEs comprising polydicyclopentadiene (polyDCPD) networks form stable hydroperoxide species following activation in air under ambient conditions. The hydroperoxide-containing polyDCPD materials react quickly with CWA simulants, Demeton-S and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, forming oxidation products as confirmed via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The simplicity of the detoxification chemistry paired with the porous foam form factor presents an exciting opportunity for the development of self-decontaminating filter media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L McGann
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Grant C Daniels
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Spencer L Giles
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Robert B Balow
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Jorge L Miranda-Zayas
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Lundin
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - James H Wynne
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
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Cuthbert TJ, Li T, Speed AWH, Wulff JE. Structure of the Thermally Induced Cross-Link in C-Linked Methyl Ester-Functionalized Polydicyclopentadiene (fPDCPD). Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Alexander W. H. Speed
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6
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Montana BJS, Roland S, Miquelard Garnier G, Richaud E. Effect of thermal oxidation on the self-assembly of triblock terpolymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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