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Güngördü Solğun D, Yildiko Ü, Ağirtaş MS. Synthesis, photophysical, photochemical, and DFT properties of a zinc phthalocyanine with 2-(2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)phenoxy peripheral groups. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Güngördü Solğun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65080, Turkey
| | - Ümit Yildiko
- Architecture and Engineering Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Salih Ağirtaş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65080, Turkey
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“For Asia Market Only”: A Green Tattoo Ink between Safety and Regulations. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113491. [PMID: 35684430 PMCID: PMC9182426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing tattoo practicing in Eastern countries and general concern on tattoo ink composition and safety, the green tattoo inks Green Concentrate by Eternal, for European and “for Asia Market Only” were analyzed, under the premise that only the former falls under a composition regulation. A separation of the additives from the pigment was carried out by successive extraction in solvents of different polarities, i.e., water, acetone and dichloromethane. The solid residues were analyzed by IR and Raman spectroscopies, the liquid fractions by GC/mass spectrometry. The relative pigment load and element traces were also estimated. We found that the European and the Asian inks are based on the same pigment, PG7, restricted in Europe, though at different loads. They have a similar content of harmful impurities, such as Ni, As, Cd and Sb and both contain siloxanes, including harmful D4. Furthermore, they have different physical-chemical properties, the European ink being more hydrophilic, the Asian more hydrophobic. Additionally, the Asian ink contains harmful additives for the solubilization of hydrophobic matrices and by-products of the phthalocyanine synthesis. Teratogenic phthalates are present as well as chlorinated teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds usually associated to the laser treatment for removal purposes, to a larger extent in the European ink. The composition of the inks does not seem to reflect regulatory restrictions, where issued.
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Krmpotić M, Jembrih-Simbürger D, Siketić Z, Anghelone M, Radović IB. Study of UV ageing effects in modern artists’ paints with MeV-SIMS. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pintus V, Szabó F, Noel Tóth D, Wieland K, Csuti P, Anghelone M, Santorelli O, Salvadori C, Haisch C, Sterflinger K, Schreiner M. A Multi-Analytical Approach for Studying the Effect of New LED Lighting Systems on Modern Paints: Chemical Stability Investigations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244441. [PMID: 34960992 PMCID: PMC8707339 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the chemical stability of some modern paint samples exposed to a new Light Emitting Diode (LED)-lighting system and a halogen lamp by using micro-attenuated total reflectance of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-ATR-FTIR), µ-Raman, pyrolysis—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation of GC/MS (THM-GC/MS). Those investigations were performed before and after the exposure of the samples to lightings for 1250, 2400, 3300, and 5000 h. The results obtained with µ-Raman spectroscopy show the high stability of the selected inorganic pigments after the exposure to the lighting systems; while similar to the UV/Vis/NIR results reported in a previous study, µ-ATR-FTIR and THM-GC/MS results evidence greater chemical changes occurring principally on the linseed oil binder-based mock-ups among the acrylic and alkyd-based samples. Moreover, principal component analyses (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) of THM-GC/MS results highlight that those changes were mostly dependent on the exposure time and on the type of pigment, while being independent of the lighting system used. Finally, semi-quantitative µ-ATR-FTIR results show slight pigment enrichment at the paint surface due to the auto and photo-oxidative degradation of the linseed oil binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pintus
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (O.S.); (C.S.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Institute for Conservation-Restoration, Modern-Contemporary Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Ferenc Szabó
- Light and Colour Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str., 8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.N.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Dávid Noel Tóth
- Light and Colour Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str., 8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.N.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Karin Wieland
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 Munich, Germany; (K.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Péter Csuti
- Light and Colour Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str., 8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (F.S.); (D.N.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Marta Anghelone
- Institute for Conservation and Restoration, University of Applied Arts, Salzgries 14, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ottavia Santorelli
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (O.S.); (C.S.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Carlotta Salvadori
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (O.S.); (C.S.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Christoph Haisch
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 Munich, Germany; (K.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (O.S.); (C.S.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (O.S.); (C.S.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
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Micheluz A, Angelin EM, Lopes JA, Melo MJ, Pamplona M. Discoloration of Historical Plastic Objects: New Insight into the Degradation of β-Naphthol Pigment Lakes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2278. [PMID: 34301037 PMCID: PMC8309268 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a determining factor in the discoloration of plastics, and photodegradation processes can affect the molecular structures of both the polymer and colorants. Limited studies focused on the discoloration of heritage plastics in conservation science. This work investigated the discoloration of red historical polyethylene (PE) objects colored with PR 48:2 and PR 53:1. High-density and low-density PE reference polymers, neat pigment powders, and historical samples were assessed before and after accelerated photoaging. The applied methodology provided insight into the individual light-susceptibility of polyethylenes, organic pigment lakes, and their combined effect in the photoaging of historical plastic formulations. After light exposure, both PE references and historical samples yellowed, PR53:1 faded, and PR 48:2 darkened; however, both organic pigments faded severely in the historical samples. This highlights the role played by the plastic binder likely facilitating the pigment photofading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques-EGA-MS, PY-GC/MS, and TD-GC/MS-were successfully employed for characterizing the plastic formulations and degradation. The identification of phthalic compounds in both aged β-naphthol powders opens new venues for studies on their degradation. This work's approach and analytical methods in studying the discoloration of historical plastics are novel, proving their efficacy, reliability, and potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Micheluz
- Conservation Science Department, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany;
| | - Eva Mariasole Angelin
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - João Almeida Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Maria João Melo
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Marisa Pamplona
- Conservation Science Department, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany;
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Hu J, Zhang D, Zhao H, Sun B, Liang P, Ye J, Yu Z, Jin S. Intelligent spectral algorithm for pigments visualization, classification and identification based on Raman spectra. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119390. [PMID: 33422866 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a molecular vibrational spectroscopic technique has developed rapidly in recent years, especially in rapid field detection. In this paper, we discuss the Raman spectral pretreatment method and classification algorithm by using nearly 300 pigments spectral data as an example. Here, more than 5 kinds of classification algorithms such as SVM, KNN, ANN and et al are used to sovle the problem of pigments visualization, classification and identification via Raman spectral, and the results show that most of the algorithms fit well, with an accuracy of 90%. Moreover, SNR (Signal to noise ratio) is introduced to evaluate the stability of our algorithm. When the SNR is low, the accuracy of the algorithm decreases sharply. When the SNR was 1, the accuracy rate reached the highest value of 39.46%. In order to slove this problem, the flattopwin, hanning, blackman algorithm was introduced to denoise the signal with low SNR, even when SNR = 1, the signal is 80% accurate. It is proved that in the extreme case of this application, the algorithm still maintains good accuracy, and our research pave the way to use interlligent algorithms to solve the problems in the fields of Raman spectral detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - De Zhang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Hantao Zhao
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Sun
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 300000 Tianjin, China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Analysis and Testing Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Shangzhong Jin
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
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Ortiz-Herrero L, Cardaba I, Bartolomé L, Alonso M, Maguregui M. Extension study of a statistical age prediction model for acrylic paints. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Identification of Synthetic Organic Pigments (SOPs) Used in Modern Artist's Paints with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with MeV Ions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9287-9294. [PMID: 32484333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the first systematic study using secondary ion mass spectrometry with MeV ions (MeV-SIMS) for analysis of synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) that can be usually found in modern and contemporary art paints. In order to prove the applicability of the method to different chemical classes of SOPs, 17 pigments were selected for the analyses. The focus was on blue and green phthalocyanines, yellow and red (naphthol AS) azo pigments, red quinacridone, anthraquinone, and diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigments. Since there are no reference spectra available for this technique, pure pigment powders were measured first to create a database. Simple two-component paint systems were also prepared for testing purposes by mixing synthetic organic pigments with alkyd and acrylic binders. Commercial paints that contain the SOPs with identical C.I. numbers as in the prepared two-component samples were analyzed. All pigments were successfully identified in commercial products in the MeV-SIMS mass spectra through molecular and larger specific fragment ion peaks in the positive-ion mode. The main advantages of MeV-SIMS over other techniques used in SOPs identification, like pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), direct-temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDIMS), can be summarized as follows: (i) pigments and binders can be detected simultaneously in the same mass spectrum acquired over a short measurement time (up to 500 s), (ii) only small sample flakes are required for the measurements, which are analyzed without any chemical treatment prior to the analyses, (iii) samples are not consumed during the analyses and can be reused for other measurements, e.g., multielemental analysis by other ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, such as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Compared to, e.g., Raman spectroscopy, the significant benefit of MeV-SIMS is the exact identification of the SOPs in the paints even if pigments of similar structures are measured.
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OPLS multivariate regression of FTIR-ATR spectra of acrylic paints for age estimation in contemporary artworks. Talanta 2019; 205:120114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ciccola A, Serafini I, Guiso M, Ripanti F, Domenici F, Sciubba F, Postorino P, Bianco A. Spectroscopy for contemporary art: Discovering the effect of synthetic organic pigments on UVB degradation of acrylic binder. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fardi T, Kampasakali E, Terzopoulou Z, Pintus V, Pavlidou E, Schreiner M, Bikiaris D, Kyriacou G. A preliminary study on the physicochemical properties of pigmented Sty/nBA/MMA emulsion films: The effect of thermal ageing. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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