1
|
Li X, Li G, Wang J, Li X, Yang Y, Song D. Elucidating polyethylene microplastic degradation mechanisms and metabolic pathways via iron-enhanced microbiota dynamics in marine sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133655. [PMID: 38310843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of plastics has given rise to microplastics, a novel environmental contaminant that has sparked considerable ecological and environmental concerns. Biodegradation offers a more environmentally friendly approach to eliminating microplastics, but their degradation by marine microbial communities has received little attention. In this study, we used iron-enhanced marine sediment to augment the natural bacterial community and facilitate the decomposition of polyethylene (PE) microplastics. The introduction of iron-enhanced sediment engendered an augmented bacterial biofilm formation on the surface of polyethylene (PE), thereby leading to a more pronounced degradation effect. This novel observation has been ascribed to the oxidative stress-induced generation of a variety of oxygenated functional groups, including hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-CO), and ether (-C-O) moieties, within the microplastic substrate. The analysis of succession in the community structure of sediment bacteria during the degradation phase disclosed that Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas emerged as the principal bacterial players in PE degradation. These taxa were directly implicated in oxidative metabolic pathways facilitated by diverse oxidase enzymes under iron-facilitated conditions. The present study highlights bacterial community succession as a new pivotal factor influencing the complex biodegradation dynamics of polyethylene (PE) microplastics. This investigation also reveals, for the first time, a unique degradation pathway for PE microplastics orchestrated by the multifaceted marine sediment microbiota. These novel insights shed light on the unique functional capabilities and internal biochemical mechanisms employed by the marine sediment microbiota in effectively degrading polyethylene microplastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xionge Li
- College of Marine and Environmental, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guangbi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- College of Marine and Environmental, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Marine and Environmental, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuru Yang
- College of Marine and Environmental, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Donghui Song
- College of Marine and Environmental, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lv H, Huang F, Zhang F. Upcycling Waste Plastics with a C-C Backbone by Heterogeneous Catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5077-5089. [PMID: 38358312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plastics with an inert carbon-carbon (C-C) backbone, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), are the most widely used types of plastic in human activities. However, many of these polymers were directly discarded in nature after use, and few were appropriately recycled. This not only threatens the natural environment but also leads to the waste of carbon resources. Conventional chemical recycling of these plastics, including pyrolysis and catalytic cracking, requires a high energy input due to the chemical inertness of C-C bonds and C-H bonds and leads to complex product distribution. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of catalysts and the introduction of small molecules as additional coreactants, which could potentially overcome these challenges. In this Review, we summarize and highlight catalytic strategies that address these issues in upcycling C-C backbone plastics with small molecules, particularly in heterogeneous catalysis. We believe that this review will inspire the development of upcycling methods for C-C backbone plastics using small molecules and heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A State-of-the-Art Review on the Technological Advancements for the Sustainable Management of Plastic Waste in Consort with the Generation of Energy and Value-Added Chemicals. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the environment and it has been increasing at an alarming rate. In 2022, global plastic waste generation was reported to be around 380 million tonnes as compared to 353 million tonnes in 2019. Production of liquid fuel from plastic waste is regarded as a viable method for disposing of the plastic and utilizing its energy. Currently, a wide range of technologies have been explored for turning plastic waste into fuel, including the conventional pyrolysis, incineration, gasification and advanced oxidation. However, a systematic summary and comparative analysis of various technologies has still not reported. Traditional non-biodegradable plastic waste (NPW) treatment methods include landfilling and incineration, but these methods encounter bottlenecks and are unable to adequately address NPW issues. This review attempts to present a thorough summary of treatment methods for plastic waste (both conventional and novel treatment technologies that have recently been reported), examine their mechanism and their current state of development. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology are analysed and the prospects of technology application are proposed. By tackling the problems of white pollution and energy scarcity, this review intends to inspire the use of solid waste as a source of energy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong Y, Gong G, Lee HJ, Seong J, Hong SW, Lee C. Transformation of microplastics by oxidative water and wastewater treatment processes: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130313. [PMID: 36372022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are contaminants of emerging concern that accumulate in various environments, where they pose threats to both the ecosystem and public health. Since MPs have been detected in drinking water resources and wastewater effluents, more efficient treatment is needed at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). This review discusses the potential of biological, photochemical, Fenton (-like) systems, ozonation, and other oxidation processes in the treatment of MPs in terms of their indicators of oxidation such as mass loss and surface oxidation. The oxidation processes were further analyzed in terms of limitations and environmental implications. Most previous studies examining MPs degradation using conventional treatments-such as UV disinfection, ozonation, and chlorination-employed significantly higher doses than the common doses applied in DWTPs and WWTPs. Owing to such dose gaps, the oxidative transformation of MPs observed in many previous studies are not likely to occur under practical conditions. Some novel oxidation processes showed promising MPs treatment efficiencies, while many of them have not yet been applied on a larger scale due to high costs and the lack of extensive basic research. Health and environmental impacts related to the discharge of oxidized MPs in effluents should be considered carefully in different aspects: the role as vectors of external pollutants, release of organic compounds (including organic byproducts from oxidation) and fragmentation into smaller particles as MPs circulate in the ecosystem as well as the possibility of bioaccumulation. Future research should also focus on ways to incorporate developed oxidation processes in DWTPs and WWTPs to mitigate MPs contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonseo Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 21 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0132, United States
| | - Gyeongtaek Gong
- Clean Energy Research Center, Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), and Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), and Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), and Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li N, Liu H, Cheng Z, Yan B, Chen G, Wang S. Conversion of plastic waste into fuels: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127460. [PMID: 34653868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes have posed serious threats to the environment, including decrease of soil nutrient effectiveness and agricultural production as well as emerge of ecological instability. Fuel conversion from plastic waste is regarded as a promising strategy for its disposal and energy utilization. Plastic wastes can be converted into target fuels by adjusting cracking of chemical bonds. Currently, numerous technologies regarding fuel conversion from plastic wastes have been reported, including conventional pyrolysis, novel heat treatment and advanced oxidation. However, systematic summary and comparative analysis of different technologies are still scarcely reported. In this review, fuel conversion from plastic wastes was summarized comprehensively, highlighting novel heat treatment and advanced oxidation technologies reported in recent years. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology were analyzed, and future prospects of technology application were proposed. With lower reaction temperature and higher-value fuel, novel heat treatment of plastics is more popular than traditional one. Advanced oxidation can be controlled to convert plastics into fuels under room temperature and pressure, guiding the new normal in energy utilization of plastic wastes. This review aims to provide inspiration for energy utilization of solid waste, addressing the issues of white pollution and energy shortage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hengxin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li P, Lai Y, Li Q, Dong L, Tan Z, Yu S, Chen Y, Sharma VK, Liu J, Jiang G. Total Organic Carbon as a Quantitative Index of Micro- and Nano-Plastic Pollution. Anal Chem 2022; 94:740-747. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujian Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qingcun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd. 1266 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lai Y, Sheng X, Dong L, Li P, Li Q, Yu S, Zhou Q, Liu J. Digestive Elimination of Coexisting Microplastics for Determination of Particulate Black Carbon in Environmental Waters. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11184-11190. [PMID: 34347439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Determination of particulate black carbon (PBC) in the environment is of great importance but faces a new challenge due to the increasing occurrence of coexisting microplastics (MPs), which are an emerging contaminant with properties very similar to those of PBC and cannot be discriminated in the chemical digestion procedure of the reported PBC analysis method. Herein, a comprehensive method has been developed for accurately determining PBC by digestive elimination of the coexisting MPs and other non-black carbon organic matter. Water samples were filtered with a glass fiber membrane (0.3 μm pore size), and the collected substances with the membrane were subjected to sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid and Fenton digestion in sequence and then to the total organic carbon analyzer for quantification of PBC. Under the optimized conditions, MPs of various sizes and polymer types were efficiently eliminated (>91.0%), whereas various PBC samples were undigested with recoveries over 91.7% except for the relatively low recovery of 65.6% for the PBC prepared at a low pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified by analysis of real water samples with a spike recovery of 88.6-100.2%. We anticipate that this work will pave an avenue for reliable determination of PBC in the presence of MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Lai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xueying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Lijie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingcun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Chen S, Wang H, Luo M. Separation of polyvinylchloride and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene combining advanced oxidation by S 2O 82-/Fe 2+ system and flotation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 91:80-88. [PMID: 31203945 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A combining technology of advanced oxidation by S2O82-/Fe2+ system and flotation was proposed for separating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). In this research, sodium persulfate was activated by heating and ferrous ions. The separation efficiency of PVC/ABS oxidized by S2O82-/Fe2+ was higher than that by sodium persulfate. The mechanism of this process was investigated through contact angle, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) inductively coupled plasma (ICP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The floatability of ABS reduced owing to the introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups such as carbonyl (OCO) and hydroxyl (OH), which was a result of oxidation by sulfate radicals (SO4·-). The optimal conditions for separating PVC and ABS were: Na2S2O8 concentration 0.1 M, molar ratio (S2O82-/Fe2+) 200, treatment time 10 min, flotation time 4 min, frother concentration 14.7 mg L-1 and airflow rate 6.8 mL min-1. Novel kinetics of pretreatment time and flotation were proposed and researched in this work. The max rate constant of PVC/ABS flotation was 0.64 min-1. In addition, the pretreatment solution can be reused for three times with superior performance. The recovery and purity of PVC reached 100% and 99.7%, respectively. According to reasonable evaluation, the combination of S2O82-/Fe2+ advanced oxidation and flotation is a practical and efficient technology for separating PVC and ABS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingshuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuaijun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Maozhi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chow CF, Wong WL, Chan CW, Chan CS. Converting inert plastic waste into energetic materials: A study on the light-accelerated decomposition of plastic waste with the Fenton reaction. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 75:174-180. [PMID: 29395734 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Better treatment and management strategies than landfilling are needed to address the large quantities of unrecycled plastic waste generated by daily human activities. Waste-to-energy conversion is an ideal benchmark for developing future large-scale waste management technologies. The present study explores a new approach for producing energetic materials by converting inert plastic waste into energy (thermal and mechanical energies) via a light-controlled process through the simple chemical activation of plastic waste, including polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride. The inert and non-polar polymer surfaces of the plastics were modified by generating a number of sulfonic groups (SO3-) using chlorosulfuric acid, followed by grafting of Fe(III) catalyst onto the polymer chains to obtain activated polymer. Elemental analyses of these activated materials showed that the carbon-to-sulfur ratio ranged from 3:1 to 5:1. The FTIR spectra indicated the presence of CC bonds (vC=C: 1615-1630 cm-1) and SO bonds (vS=O: 1151-1167 cm-1) in the activated polymers after chemical reaction. These activated materials were energetic, as light could be used to convert them into thermal (1800-3200 J/g) and mechanical energies (380-560 kPa/g) using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant under ambient conditions within 1 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Fai Chow
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Ching-Wan Chan
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chung-Sum Chan
- Centre for Education in Environmental Sustainability, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| |
Collapse
|